Women During The 19th Century - 845 Words

At the start of the new world, the ratio of men to women was 3:1. The population was largely made up of bachelors for the first years. Women in the 17th Century were considered completely inferior to men in almost all ways possible. The social customs and legal codes ensured that the majority of women in these colonies were unable to vote, preach, hold political office, attend public schools or colleges, start lawsuits, make contracts or own property (Shi Tindall, 2013, Pg. 111). Women of the 17th Century had extremely restricted roles within their religion. Typical work duties of women during this time period involved mundane activities around the house, gardening, and yard work. These very confined gender roles for women were challenging to overcome during the colonial period. It is even thought by many historians that the traditional roles assigned to females, gave birth to the witch craft hysteria, because of the women who chose to act outside of their predesigned roles. (Shi Tin dall, 2013, Pg.138) Most colonists in the new world had deeply rooted conceptions about women and how they should conduct themselves, as well as the duties that they should carry out. They believed that women were weak creatures not endowed with strength and constancy of the mind. The prescribed role of women was to obey and serve their husband, nurture their children, and endure taxing labor required to maintain their household. Governor John Winthrop, of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, duringShow MoreRelatedWomen During The 19th Century1350 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women play different roles in society. In the beginning of the 19th century, the gap between males and females was much larger than it is now. Back then men and women were usually assumed to have certain occupations. For example, in the 1950s women were â€Å"supposed† to become housewives and stay at home all day cleaning, cooking, or taking care of their children (Parry 1584). Men on the other hand, were sus pected to go out and work all day doing whatever occupation they held. Due to the mediaRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1596 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican literature. The first writings of 16th century America contained little reference to women at all. In the early 19th century, women play somewhat larger roles but remain only in supporting roles until later in the century when a shift takes place and women now hold leading roles as the heroines of stories. Not only does the character’s role change, but also beginning in the 1800s, a continual shift occurs in the portrayal of women. Initially, women were portrayed as members of society who servedRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1171 Words   |  5 PagesConstantly throughout history women have had different roles in society from men. Women were thought of as the caregivers and were expected to stay at home, while men were hunters and worked in the business world. The position of women in America as drastically ch anged, especially when noting the evolution of women in the 17th century to women in the 19th century. Women in colonial america were expected to stay at home, but this changed when the Republican Mother, a strong figure that became empoweredRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century Essay1787 Words   |  8 PagesWomen during the 19th and 20th century did not live like how women lived nowadays, especially African-American women. Three women are excellent examples of this, although one woman is fictional, their experiences and attitudes somehow coincide with each other. Two out of the three were slaves for several decades of their lives and were able to obtain their freedom before the occurrence of the Civil War. While the third woman was never a slave during her life, she was raised by her grandmotherRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto nurture and take care or create a family. Likewise, there were no spaces created for educating the woman but many wo men and families disagreed with this. As a result, the formation of schools for girls emerged but they only educated women in the socially acceptable occupation of teaching and in the 19th century, only unmarried women could be teachers. Another challenge for women advancing in higher education is the physiological inferiority placed upon them by the male dominated society. ManyRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1111 Words   |  5 PagesBack in the 19th century, women were nothing more than maids and caretakers. Breaking their limitations was not a factor in their everyday lives. However Dorothea Dix had other beliefs. She believed that women could do more if they were as independent as their opposite sex. She perceived the idea that women could do so much more than just cleaning and cooking. With her powerful beliefs as her shield, Dix battled in the path to improved institutions as a humanitarian. She explored and encounteredRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough corsets at this time led to broken bones and a death in 1665 (Olsen 74), this garment was worn throughout the 18th century. During this period, Turkish harem women wore clothes most similar to ours. They wore cloaks over their chemise and loose trousers while also being veiled (Olsen 59). This era marked conservatism in women’s clothes. During the first-wave movement, fashion did not become dynamic until the 1900s. In 1851, dress reformers tried to popularize a pair of baggy pants beneathRead MoreWomen Struggles During The 19th Century923 Words   |  4 PagesENG 251- 02 25 September 2014 Women Struggles in the 19th Century Since the beginning of time women have struggled to prove themselves to society so that people understand they are just as good as men. However, society has made a mockery of women for years. Using women for sex appeal and for personal gains. Women were those who stayed home cleaning, took care of the children, and prepared meals for the family. This sounds quite familiar with today’s society, but women today aren’t only limited toRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The 19th Century782 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Then and Now The role of women have changed drastically throughout history. Women have had the opportunity to change their lives and live in their light and not the shadows of men. Between 1800 and 2000, women and young ladies have been treated completely different, however, there are similarities in the way women have been brought up. Married women in the 19th century (1800), were thought to be dependent of men, Some men even compared them to children. Young ladies learned to be a goodRead MoreWomen s Rights During The 19th Century1507 Words   |  7 PagesIn The 19th Century The 19th century was an important period for women especially in Europe and North America. It was a crucial time for demand for change and women were at the forefront of it all. Viewed only as a homemaker, women found it difficult during this time to show society what they were capable of. Limitations on their capabilities created by gender stereotypes called for change. To understand the significance of the 19th century for women, one must consider the conditions women were living

The Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’t tired. It’s most popular usage I noticed in fellow college students is energy drinks, sodas and even medication, whether they be over the counter or given by a doctor. Caffeine is used as an artificial energy, when are bodies are prepared to shut down and sleep, a pill can be popped or an energy drink can be had to get the pick me up feeling that many students take to get an assignment done or to study for finals. Caffeine can cause sleep loss when abused. Although there are people, such as myself, who can have a large intake of caffeine and feel fine face many dangers of caffeine abuse and even overdose. Overdosing can cause many health issues such as irregular heartbeat and seizures. There are people who are very sensitive to caffeine intake and they are advised to stay away from taking too much and they have to very carefully watch their diet. The symptoms of caffeine overdose includes: dizziness, insomnia, fever and irritability. The symptoms of a more severe and dangerous overdose includes: trouble breathing, hallucinations, and uncontrollable muscle movements. InShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System3576 Words   |  15 PagesMethods Introduction Caffeine is a plant alkaloid found in many different products. (Archna 2008) Caffeine is categorized as a drug that stimulates the central nervous system and aids in mobilizing free fatty acids which increases the use of fats as an energy source. (Desbrow 2007) This substance when consumed is distributed in intracellular fluid after crossing the blood-brain barrier. This results in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and smooth and skeletal muscle tissuesRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System1643 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine is an alkaloid discovered in 1819 by Friedlieb Runge and a German baron known as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’tRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System799 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Also called psychostimulants,drugs that produced increased levels of mental and physical energy and alterness and an elevated mood by stimulating the central nervous system† It is the most regularly utilized stimulant as a part of United States.found in coffee,tea,soft drinks,chocolate, and medications including torment relievers.caffeine has a place with a group of medications called methylxanthines. Coffee is a beverage produced using Coffee beans, which are the simmered apples and oranges ofRead MoreHow Does Caffeine Affect Our Body?1040 Words   |  5 PagesHow does caffeine affect our body? Caffeine is the most common thing in those kinds of beverages, such as Coca-Cola, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, coffee, etc. Drink too much will affect our body. It will cheer you up, but somehow still will destroy your body. Addicted to caffeine may cause blood glucose, Insulin Resistance and Muscle, Skeletal disease. Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound, but also a central nervous system stimulant, and can be very beneficial to human health if ingested, appropriatelyRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration. Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and have similar structures.Read MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Consumption Of Caffeine1511 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine, a popularly consumed central nervous system stimulant is consumed on a day to day basis around the globe.  Caffeine can be ingested into the body by either eating it or drinking it. Caffeine comes in forms of many processed foods such as coffee, chocolate bars, candy, sodas, and energy drinks as well as tea. For example millions of people all around the world consume coffee on a daily basis.  Due to the large consumption of caffeine, both the negative and positive side effects of consumingRead MoreThe World s Most Favorite Drink Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesin the everyday human life. Coffee is use every day by 83% adults in the United States. Coffee sales are increasing 20% revenue per year and account for nearly 8% of the 18 billion dollars in the United States coffee market. Despite the many side effects of coffee on the human body, it doesn’t affect its consumption. The older an adult become, especially from age 18 – 39 due to load of work to do. Many Americans rely on coffee instead of healthy habits for daily productivity. Modernly, due to theRead MoreThe Effects of Caffeine on Daphnia827 Words   |  3 PagesThis experiment is to see The Affe ct of Caffeine on Daphnia. Daphnia is also known as a water flea. It is a distant relative of crabs and shrimps. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) Daphnia have a hard external skeleton with jointed appendages and limbs. The head contains a large central eye which is made of two eyes joined together. Daphnia has two pairs of antennae which are used for swimming. Each daphnia has five pairs of limbs. These limbs lie in a certain space under the body bounded by the carapaceRead MoreThe Heart Rate Experiment At The Anatomy And Physiology 202 Laboratory Course934 Words   |  4 Pagescoffee. The effects of caffeine contained in the coffee were examined and it was noted that those who drink coffee have lower heart rates before, during, and after times of examination. These findings suggested that the hypothesis proposed prior to research, Females Who Drink Coffee Have a Higher Heart Rate Prior to Exams, was an incorrect statement. Keywords: heart rate, female, coffee drinkers, non-coffee drinkers, hypothesis. Effect of Caffeine on Heart RateRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine By: Latasha Betsoi 7B †¢ What are the risks of mixing caffeine and alcohol? ‘’When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous system The Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System Marla Simmons Research Proposal Research Methods Introduction Caffeine is a plant alkaloid found in many different products. (Archna 2008) Caffeine is categorized as a drug that stimulates the central nervous system and aids in mobilizing free fatty acids which increases the use of fats as an energy source. (Desbrow 2007) This substance when consumed is distributed in intracellular fluid after crossing the blood-brain barrier. This results in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and smooth and skeletal muscle tissues being affected (Desbrow 2007). Tea, coffee, chocolate, soda, energy drinks, and pharmaceutical products, are just a few of the many products that contain caffeine. Caffeine has many different uses that range from being a food additive or medicinal use. Besides its everyday use by many Americans as apart of their morning ritual it is commonly used as an ergogenic aid in athletics. When asked to name different substances that aid athletic performance many people would respond steroids, or other drugs that are prevalent in the world of athletics. Many people simple overlook caffeine as an ergogenic aid. There are thousands of studies that have been done researching the ergogenic effects of caffeine in athletic performance. There are positive benefits to caffeine use as well as negative effects of caffeine use. Literature Review There are a numerous amount of studies both good and bad that have been conducted on theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System1627 Words   |  7 PagesJohann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’t tired. It’s most popular usage I noticed in fellow college students is energy drinks, sodasRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System1643 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine is an alkaloid discovered in 1819 by Friedlieb Runge and a German baron known as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’tRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System799 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Also called psychostimulants,drugs that produced increased levels of mental and physical energy and alterness and an elevated mood by stimulating the central nervous system† It is the most regularly utilized stimulant as a part of United States.found in coffee,tea,soft drinks,chocolate, and medications including torment relievers.caffeine has a place with a group of medications called methylxanthines. Coffee is a beverage produced using Coffee beans, which are the simmered apples and oranges ofRead MoreHow Does Caffeine Affect Our Body?1040 Words   |  5 PagesHow does caffeine affect our body? Caffeine is the most common thing in those kinds of beverages, such as Coca-Cola, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, coffee, etc. Drink too much will affect our body. It will cheer you up, but somehow still will destroy your body. Addicted to caffeine may cause blood glucose, Insulin Resistance and Muscle, Skeletal disease. Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound, but also a central nervous system stimulant, and can be very beneficial to human health if ingested, appropriatelyRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration. Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and have similar structures.Read MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Consumption Of Caffeine1511 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine, a popularly consumed central nervous system stimulant is consumed on a day to day basis around the globe.  Caffeine can be ingested into the body by either eating it or drinking it. Caffeine comes in forms of many processed foods such as coffee, chocolate bars, candy, sodas, and energy drinks as well as tea. For example millions of people all around the world consume coffee on a daily basis.  Due to the large consumption of caffeine, both the negative and positive side effects of consumingRead MoreThe World s Most Favorite Drink Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesin the everyday human life. Coffee is use every day by 83% adults in the United States. Coffee sales are increasing 20% revenue per year and account for nearly 8% of the 18 billion dollars in the United States coffee market. Despite the many side effects of coffee on the human body, it doesn’t affect its consumption. The older an adult become, especially from age 18 – 39 due to load of work to do. Many Americans rely on coffee instead of healthy habits for daily productivity. Modernly, due to theRead MoreThe Effects of Caffeine on Daphnia827 Words   |  3 PagesThis experiment is to see The Affe ct of Caffeine on Daphnia. Daphnia is also known as a water flea. It is a distant relative of crabs and shrimps. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) Daphnia have a hard external skeleton with jointed appendages and limbs. The head contains a large central eye which is made of two eyes joined together. Daphnia has two pairs of antennae which are used for swimming. Each daphnia has five pairs of limbs. These limbs lie in a certain space under the body bounded by the carapaceRead MoreThe Heart Rate Experiment At The Anatomy And Physiology 202 Laboratory Course934 Words   |  4 Pagescoffee. The effects of caffeine contained in the coffee were examined and it was noted that those who drink coffee have lower heart rates before, during, and after times of examination. These findings suggested that the hypothesis proposed prior to research, Females Who Drink Coffee Have a Higher Heart Rate Prior to Exams, was an incorrect statement. Keywords: heart rate, female, coffee drinkers, non-coffee drinkers, hypothesis. Effect of Caffeine on Heart RateRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine By: Latasha Betsoi 7B †¢ What are the risks of mixing caffeine and alcohol? ‘’When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous system

Collapse Vulnerability and Fragility Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Collapse Vulnerability and Fragility Analysis. Answer: Introduction: This project proposal is mainly based on strengthening and repair of concrete column using CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer). CFRP generally includes different variations of carbon polymer made of different proportions of other strengthening materials to develop fiber-reinforced plastic. This type of material provides high strength-to-weight ratio and hence, they can be used to build materials that should be light in weight but rigid and strong (e.g. tail of radio controlled helicopter) (Jain, Chellapandian and Prakash 2017). The CFRP material is becoming more and more popular as it is also environment friendly and relatively cheaper than other alternative materials. CFRP finds uses in various fields that include aeronautical engineering, automotive engineering, civil engineering, sports goods and others. However, the focus of this paper is entirely on civil engineering and hence, an application of CFRP will be discussed within the field of civil engineering. CFRP is generally used as one of the most important components for repair and strengthening of concrete columns in civil engineering. The main advantage is that due to the use of CFRP, the concrete column has lesser weight than normal columns without CFRP but the strength and rigidity increases considerably. This paper is based on the analysis of CFRP in the strengthening concrete column as well as a proposal for experimental analysis of the same. The most recent report by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352 (ACI 352R-02) states that joints in structures worked in front of the improvement of current design rules must be learned to find and analyze the characteristics and uses of the FRP materials in repair and strengthening of concrete structures. As indicated by Fakharifar et al. (2015), preceding the development of new strengthening plans, it is critical that the other strategies for repair and strengthening of concrete structures should be known. Every strategy for repair or strengthening is analyzed on its application points of interest, required work, cluster of relevance, and execution. Relative advantages and disadvantages of each method should be analyzed in order to choose the best technique or method. These techniques analyzed are as follows: 1) epoxy repair; 2) expulsion and substitution; 3) concrete jacketing; 4) concrete stone work unit jacketing; 5) steel jacketing and expansion of outer steel components; and 6) strengt hening with fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composite applications. Parvin and Brighton (2014) said that usage of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials for strengthening and repair of basic individuals is turning into an inexorably well known range of research and application inside the most recent decade. Be that as it may, the technique is yet to wind up standard application due to number of efficient and design related issues. From a basic mechanics point of view, a fundamental concern concerning the adequacy and safety of this strategy might be the capability of fragile debonding failures. Such failures, unless sufficiently considered in the design procedure, may altogether diminish the power of the strengthening or repair application. As of late, there is a centralization of research endeavors on portrayal and displaying of debonding failures. FRP composite materials have seen a consistent increment of utilized as a part of auxiliary strengthening and repair applications around the world inside the most recent decade (Singh et al. 2 014). High firmness to-weight and quality to-weight proportions of those materials consolidated utilizing their predominant natural durability have made them a contending other option to the regular strengthening and repair materials. Nearby and government offices stood up to with the undertaking of monetarily updating the regularly expanding number of maturing and substandard structures have put resources into this district prompting various research studies and applications. It has been appeared through trial and hypothetical examinations that remotely reinforced FRP composites might be utilized to support the coveted execution of an auxiliary part such as its load conveying limit and solidness, malleability, execution under cyclic and fatigue loading and ecological durability (Yang et al. 2015). However, the methodology is yet to end up standard application as a result of number of sparing and design related issues. Paultre et al. (2015) said that as of the last few years, outside FRP frameworks are getting popular in construction industry in spite of just restricted exploratory research information on the seismic reaction of FRP-wrapped examples. The objective of the current research is to learn the power of CFRP and GFRP to fortify reinforced concrete columns, put through virtually recreated seismic tremor loading, utilizing both redesign and repair procedures. This research is a component of a broad examination to identify and analyze the aftereffect s of imprisonment support on the seismic conduct of roundabout and square concrete columns. Correlations may likewise be made between the strength of CFRP and of transverse steel to supply seismic protection. Research Question This research study is mainly based on the analysis of the properties of CFRP and its applicability in strengthening and repairing of concrete column. Hence, the research questions for the proposal can be defined as follows. How can CFRP be used for strengthening of concrete pillars? What are the properties and characteristics of CFRP? What are the advantages of CFRP over other strengthening materials? In order to conduct this research, it is extremely important to determine the characteristics, composition and properties of CFRP. Moreover, it is important to determine the properties of CFRP in order to compare it with other similar alternative materials. This comparison will help to determine its advantages over others. Hence, the above research questions must be addressed accordingly. In this proposed research project, concrete structures have been repaired using weight implantation of epoxy; another strategy for epoxy repair is vacuum impregnation. For vacuum impregnation, epoxy narrows ports were arranged in the base of each beam and at the base of the column repair range. Researchers consider the quality of both epoxy techniques to repair two one-route inside joints that were respectably hurt due to insufficient breakwater of tireless beam bars. The vacuum was associated through three hoses joined at the most astounding purpose of the repair range in the column. Extraordinary physical bond breaking down in the repaired joints occurred just a single half-cycle sooner than expected. Both repair techniques were successful in restoring over 85% of the strength, quality, and imperativeness scattering properties of the fundamental cases. The standard conclusion was that vacuum impregnation shows a compelling technique for repairing significant parts of damage instant ly and that it could be balanced for joints with less open sides. Research Methodology This research is mainly based on literature review and experimental analysis. In the literature review, sufficient data has been collected regarding the use of CFRP for strengthening and repair of concrete columns. This data has been used to prepare the theoretical basis and research hypothesis that will be further applied in the experimental analysis of the topic. The sources of the literature review include literary works and research papers of reputed researchers as well as some data from organizations that have successfully implemented the use of CFRP in concrete columns for strengthening purposes. The execution of beam-column joints has for a very long time been perceived as a noteworthy factor that influences the whole process of reinforced concrete (RC) confined structures subjected to extensive parallel burdens. Buildings developed before 1976 may have critical lacks in the joint areas. The principal design rules for strengthened concrete beam-column joints were distributed in 1976 in the U.S. (ACI 352R-761) and in 1982 in New Zealand (NZS 3101:19822) (Triantafillou et al. 2016). Particularly considering that the Mexico earthquake of 1985, a lot of research has been committed in order to identify the basic subtle elements of non-seismically designed buildings and also to creating sorts of strengthening. The vast majority of the repair and strengthening plans proposed to date, in any case, utilize a constrained cluster of materialness either because of insufficient thought of floor individuals or to building limitations (Kaya, Dawood and Gencturk 2015). Through their audits of specifying manuals and design codes from yesteryear five decades and their counsel with rehearsing engineers, scientists distinguished seven points of interest as regular and conceivably basic to the safety of gravity stack designed (GLD) structures in a major seismic activity. Experimental Framework In this experiment, a total of 12 specimens are going to be tested. Every specimen will join a 356 mm measurement and 1.47 m long column cast necessarily by utilizing a 510 x 760 x 810 mm stub. The stub will represent a broken point or discontinuity, e.g. a beam column joint or maybe a footing balance. Each one of the columns will contain six 25M (500 mm2) longitudinal steel bars, and furthermore the spirals will be produced using U.S. No. 3 (71 mm2) bars. In each specimen, precisely the center zone measured to the centerline of winding to the gross division of the column area will be set consistent at 74%. The design of the specimens will be focused at compelling the failure in the potential plastic pivot locale of the column, that might be, within a period 800 mm from the facial skin of the stub. The span of 800 mm will be picked in light of past tests where it has been watched that the whole most harmed area of the column was roughly equivalent to the segment profundity and found around 100 to 200 mm outside the stub. Far from the test locale, the dispersing of winding support will seem diminished to around 2/3 of the predefined separating in the examination zone. All columns will be tested during the experiment process under parallel cyclic stacking while at the same time being distressed by consistent pivotal load in the test. The support for the stub will consolidate 10M (100 mm2) vertical and even stirrups at 64 mm dispersing. Moreover, 10M bars with 135 degree snares will be put at the best and base of the stub at definitely a similar dividing. The column will represent a bridge column or a building column between the segment of most extreme minute and the point of contraflexure. The longitudinal bars in the columns will be totally reached out on the stub, though the winding support will be stretched out on the stub for 100 mm. In this experiment, all specimens are going to be cast together in vertical positions. Data Evaluation Method The data has been evaluated using experimental analysis following the literature review process. The impact of strengthening insufficiently constructed square columns with CFRP is assessed utilizing examinations of comparative examples tried under indistinguishable loading conditions while specimen AS-1NS served in light of the fact that the control column, examples ASC-2NS and ASC-6NS were retrofitted with one and also 2 CFRP layers, separately. Strengthened concrete columns worked before 1971 are known to have insufficient transverse fortification and might fail without adequate cautioning during any high scale seismic activity (Yan 2016). Examples AS-1NS, ASC-2NS, and ASC-6NS contained comparable inadequate amounts of seismic transverse steel weighed against code necessities (ACI 318-027). Every column was put through a pivotal load that was 33% of the ostensible column limit Po. This load level spoke to a power somewhat more than the adjusted load for each situation. The entire arrangement of columns considered in these investigations is 305 mm2. Among the open retrofit techniques, CFRP jacketing is picking up prevalence with which has no trouble capacity of establishment (He, Sneed and Belarbi 2014). The reported research was directed to inspect the execution of lacking and harmed columns retrofitted with CFRP under tremor loading conditions. It is foreseen that the real result acquired should be relevant to columns with various area sizes accepting that parameters for example volumetric proportion of parallel steel, locale of FRP keeping support, and the subsequent hub load are fittingly scaled. Forward Projections of Outcomes Performance highlights and forward projections of outcomes of the CFRP repair scheme are identified through the comparison of Specimen ASC-2NS with Specimen ASCR-7NS. Both had 42% of the lateral steel content mandated in ACI seismic provisions and each carried an identical axial load of 0.33Po. The parameters recorded indicate Specimen ASCR-7NS displayed ductility which had been comparable with Specimen ASC-2NS up a great approximately 20% drop in capacity beyond the peak (Frascadore et al. 2015). The whole ductility parameters, however, were significantly lower for Specimen ASCR-7NS. Specimen ASC-2NS was tested with one CFRP layer added while Specimen ASCR-7NS was initially lightly damaged for unretrofitted column (AS-7NS) before being retrofitted with one CFRP layer and retested to failure. Hysteresis loops presented confirm the behavior of the repaired column was subordinate to, yet closely resembled, that of the undamaged wrapped specimen both in availablility of excursions and u ltimate strength quantities (Rousakis, Kouravelou and Karachalios 2014). Nevertheless, the CFRP repair restored much of the inherent seismic capabilities of Specimen ASCR-7NS and vastly improved its performance weighed against its unretrofitted control column AS-1NS. The substantial difference while in the total ductility parameters reflects previous damage sustained during cycling of Specimen AS-7NS before retrofit. Usage of carbon and GFRP resulted in significant upgrade inside execution of columns, creating expansive increments in malleability, vitality scattering limit, and quality. In steel strengthened columns, area and part pliability diminished fundamentally with a lifted winding pitch and negligible measure of winding fortification. Dissimilar to the inner winding fortification that lone limits the center concrete, the FRP wraps successfully restrict the whole column area. For a column subjected with a hub stack equivalent to 0.27Po, which is roughly equivalent to some adjusted load, one layer of carbon or GFRP expanded the vitality dissemination limit by a part of more than 100. The adverse results of an insignificant measure of winding support and bigger separating are frequently made up for by the imprisonment made accessible from FRP. The characteristic nature of FRP retrofitted columns under recreated tremor loads coordinated or surpassed the execution of slab fortified columns desi gned great seismic arrangements with the ACI Code. Conclusion From the entire analysis, it can be concluded that CFRP is the best reinforcing material that can be suitably used for strengthening concrete columns. It is better, stronger, more rigid as well as cheaper than all other similar alternatives. As a result, it is now widely used in construction industry for building large structures like multistoried buildings, bridges and others. However, there are some issues with it as well due to which, it is still not used by many contractors. The performance of beam-column joints has been recognized as a significant factor that affects the entire behavior of reinforced concrete framed structures subjected to large lateral loads. In recent years, external FRP systems are becoming widespread in construction industry despite only limited experimental research data on the seismic response of FRP-wrapped specimens. Hence, it can finally be concluded that with the ongoing research activities and experimental analyses, CFRP materials will become the most ly used strengthening material for concrete structures in the near future. References Al-Saidy, A.H., Saadatmanesh, H., El-Gamal, S., Al-Jabri, K.S. and Waris, B.M., 2016. Structural behavior of corroded RC beams with/without stirrups repaired with CFRP sheets.Materials and Structures,49(9), pp.3733-3747. Fakharifar, M., Chen, G., Dalvand, A. and Shamsabadi, A., 2015. Collapse vulnerability and fragility analysis of substandard RC bridges rehabilitated with different repair jackets under post-mainshock cascading events.International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials,9(3), pp.345-367. Frascadore, R., Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A., Verderame, G.M., Manfredi, G., Dolce, M. and Cosenza, E., 2015. Local strengthening of reinforced concrete structures as a strategy for seismic risk mitigation at regional scale.Earthquake Spectra,31(2), pp.1083-1102. Hadi, M.N. and Tran, T.M., 2014. Retrofitting nonseismically detailed exterior beamcolumn joints using concrete covers together with CFRP jacket.Construction and Building Materials,63, pp.161-173. He, R., Sneed, L.H. and Belarbi, A., 2014. Torsional repair of severely damaged column using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer.ACI Structural Journal,111(3), p.705. Jain, S., Chellapandian, M. and Prakash, S.S., 2017. Emergency repair of severely damaged reinforced concrete column elements under axial compression: An experimental study.Construction and Building Materials,155, pp.751-761. Jiang, S.F., Zeng, X., Shen, S. and Xu, X., 2016. Experimental studies on the seismic behavior of earthquake-damaged circular bridge columns repaired by using combination of near-surface-mounted BFRP bars with external BFRP sheets jacketing.Engineering Structures,106, pp.317-331. Kaya, A., Dawood, M. and Gencturk, B., 2015. Repair of corroded and buckled short steel columns using concrete-filled GFRP jackets.Construction and Building Materials,94, pp.20-27. Li, Y., Liu, X., Wu, M. and Bai, W., 2017. Research of electrochemical chloride extraction and reinforcement of concrete column using MPC-bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic sheet mesh.Construction and Building Materials,153, pp.436-444. Parvin, A. and Brighton, D., 2014. FRP composites strengthening of concrete columns under various loading conditions.Polymers,6(4), pp.1040-1056. Paultre, P., Boucher-Trudeau, M., Eid, R. and Roy, N., 2015. Behavior of Circular Reinforced-Concrete Columns Confined with Carbon FiberReinforced Polymers under Cyclic Flexure and Constant Axial Load.Journal of Composites for Construction,20(3), p.04015065. Rousakis, T.C., Kouravelou, K.B. and Karachalios, T.K., 2014. Effects of carbon nanotube enrichment of epoxy resins on hybrid FRPFR confinement of concrete.Composites Part B: Engineering,57, pp.210-218. Singh, V., Bansal, P.P., Kumar, M. and Kaushik, S.K., 2014. Experimental studies on strength and ductility of CFRP jacketed reinforced concrete beam-column joints.Construction and Building Materials,55, pp.194-201. Triantafillou, T.C., Choutopoulou, E., Fotaki, E., Skorda, M., Stathopoulou, M. and Karlos, K., 2016. FRP confinement of wall-like reinforced concrete columns.Materials and Structures,49(1-2), pp.651-664. Vijay, P.V., Soti, P.R., GangaRao, H.V., Lampo, R.G. and Clarkson, J.D., 2016. Repair and Strengthening of Submerged Steel Piles Using GFRP Composites.Journal of Bridge Engineering,21(7), p.04016038. Wu, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, X. and Noori, M., 2014. State-of-the-art review of FRP composites for major construction with high performance and longevity.International Journal of Sustainable Materials and Structural Systems,1(3), pp.201-231. Yan, L., 2016. Plain concrete cylinders and beams externally strengthened with natural flax fabric reinforced epoxy composites.Materials and Structures,49(6), pp.2083-2095. Yang, Y., Sneed, L., Saiidi, M.S., Belarbi, A., Ehsani, M. and He, R., 2015. Emergency repair of an RC bridge column with fractured bars using externally bonded prefabricated thin CFRP laminates and CFRP strips.Composite Structures,133, pp.727-738.

Porter Airlines SWOT Analysis free essay sample

Entrepreneur Robert Deluce introduced Porter Airlines in 2006 aiming to create a higher value experience for its customers compared to other major players and competitors in the Canadian airline industry such as Air Canada and West Jet. The brand image is designed to provide upscale and refined service to its customers, giving the sense of traveling in first class with free amenities that competitors provide at very high prices such as meals, beverages, wine, etc. Even thought Porter has had considerable success in attracting new customers, it is still a small player in the market. In order to increase its presence Porter is aiming to target the Toronto-Montreal-Ottawa business market currently being dominated by Air Canada and followed by West Jet who is also looking to penetrate this lucrative route. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: the innovating new concept brought by Robert in the Airline business focused on the high class flight experience, has succeeded in attracting customers for Porter Airlines, allowing it to stand out from its competitors. The high class of service that Porter looks to provide in the airport lobby and on board, creates a brand image of quality and social value for passengers. The Airline’s Hub is conveniently located in the downtown Toronto area for fast and easy access. Competitors offer a relatively basic passenger experience and are subject to losing existing clientele to Porter Airlines. Weakness: Porter Airlines is relatively new and unknown in the market, there for it may be operating within a limited budget and looking to have a return on investment. Furthermore it is imperative for Porter Airlines to throw an aggressive marketing campaign to gain a level of awareness with the public and attract new customers which adds to an increase on expenditures. Since it is a new company, Porter Airlines will have to work hard to retain customers while at the same time maintain a competitive edge ahead of their competitors who dominate the market. Opportunities: Porter Airlines positioning as a quality/social value company allows it to seek partnership opportunities with other companies. Ex: A points system with gold and platinum level credit cards providers. They can also look for ventures that will enhance the experience of the business traveler such as hotels, efficient and comfortable shuttle services for flights to â€Å"Golden Triangle† destinations. Furthermore Porter can create partnership with hotels that attend the majority of business travelers within Toronto Montreal and Ottawa. Threats: Major competitors such as Air Canada have dominated the market for a lengthy amount of time becoming a synonym for business travel. Air Canada has a greater amount of flight connections and destinations than Porter Airlines. Business travelers may be already enrolled in Air Canada’s loyalty points system influencing them in staying with Air Canada in order to continue redeeming their points. West Jet’s low introduction airfare prices and the aim for companies to reduce costs may lure Business travelers their way, putting Porter Airlines at a disadvantage since they are in the introductory stage and reducing prices may translate in to going out of business. Problem Statement: Porter Airlines is a new company looking to penetrate the business traveler market currently dominated by Air Canada. Other competitors with more tradition in the airline business are also in the look to take over the same target market. Relatively unknown in the market, Porter Airlines faces two giants in the industry that have an established client base and also have loyalty systems in place that ensure the flow of repeat customers. Business travelers demand scheduling flexibility and frequent flights. Alternatives: ALT #1: Use smaller planes and increase the amount of flights PROS: 1. Higher amount of flights allows for flexibility in flight hours 2. Reduces amount of staff needed which reduces cost and there for increases profit. 3. Allows for personalized service increasing customer satisfaction CONS: 1. Higher mechanical maintenance needed for planes 2. Limited space on flights ALT #2: Create an aggressive marketing campaign and loyalty system PROS: 1. Potential customers experience increased awareness on high end services offered by Porter Airlines 2. Appeal to frequent fliers 3. Customer retention CONS: 1. Costly to develop and throw marketing campaign 2. Development of loyalty system can also be costly ALT #3: Create an introductory trial low price for the new routes PROS: 1. Further increase of new customers 2. New customers try high end services provided by Porter 3. Based on Quality and Innovation customers will most likely pick Porter over their competitors. CONS: 1. Little to no profit 2. Competitors may be able to reduce even further price to a level that Porter Airlines cannot. Recommendation: Introducing a trial price Porter will significantly increase its flow of customers, who will get to experience the convenient downtown location as well as all the complementary amenities that Porter has to offer over their competitors. Even though giants like Air Canada and West Jet could possibly afford to further lower their prices, business travelers as well as regular passengers will experience the convenience, quality that Porter Airlines offers. This w ill translate in Porter Airlines gaining and retaining a fair market share allowing it to expand into new routes and gain more passengers thus increasing profitability.

The Early Film Industry Essay Example For Students

The Early Film Industry Essay The film industry was formed in the 1890s in New York and Chicago. The industry invented the first motion-picture shows. Throughout the years, more people from those cities began to pay attention to films and began enjoying watching it. Films were becoming the most popular entertainment. Every city had one or more theaters and tons of people attend those theaters. It beame a great way to socialize and see how successful the film industry had become. Even though the industry became popular, it provided detrimental influence on children, so censorship was created to protect those films by either editing the inappropriate scenes in the film or rejected films to premiere. According to the children in the cities of Chicago and New York, they believed that the shows played in theaters were real and they should mimic it. In the article, â€Å" The House of Dreams†, the author, Jane Addams, mentioned that youth believed that â€Å"views the deeds of the hero simply as a forecast of his own future and it is this fascinating view of his own career which draws the boy to shows of all sorts. We will write a custom essay on The Early Film Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They can scarcely be too improbably for him, portraying, as they do, his belief in his own prowess† (pg. 78). Type of movies about revenge, romance, drama, and action heroes, interest the youth, so Addams believed that the youth could not tell if the shows are real or not. As a result, â€Å" An eminent alienist of Chicago states that he has had a number of patients among neurotic children whose emotional natures have been so over-wrought by the crude appeal to which they had been so constantly subjected in the theaters, they have become ictims of hallucination and mental disorder† (92). Only were children suffering from mental issues from those movies but, those movies also showed what the children should do and that would be there future. In the end, films caused crimes and chaos in the cities. One example that a child committed a crime was stealing â€Å" a mass of artificial flowers with which to trim a hat. She stated that she had taken the flowers because she was afraid of losing the attention of a young man. (pg. 0)† That man was the only man that ever took her to movies and if he doesn’t see him, she will be heartbroken and couldn’t go to the theater ever again. She cannot live without the theater. This example shows how films affected children’s mind causing them do illegal actions instead of having common sense. That girl could have gone to the theater with a different guy instead of being so obsessive with that one guy, but movies taught her that she needs to keep that one guy by being all â€Å"dressy† and giving him attention. Another example story that Addams wrote that had to do with children committing crimes was about how a family of a women, two boys, and a baby are in poverty where the mother sends her boys out to beg for money. They didn’t listen to their mother, took a revolver, killed a Chinese laundry-man, stole money from him, and gave the money to the mother where she was thankful (79). Addams also mentioned a story were nine, eleven, and thirteen years old boys planned to kill and rob a milkman. They bought a gun tried to shoot him, but they missed. Not only young boys were causing illegal actions. Older boys were also doing it too. For example, â€Å" Thirteen young lads were brought into Municipal Courteach one with an outfit of burglar’s tools in his possession† (94) Those boys told the judges that they saw a play that had a burglar that suggested that other people should follow his path. Those types of shows were unacceptable, according the writers, similar to Addams, because it filled the youth’s minds to accept those actions and made them okay to do it. The communities in both New York and Chicago were afraid that there will be more crimes so the communities created censorship. Censorship started to happen in the late 1890’s due to the films being a threat to morality. For an example, the film, The Kiss, by Thomas Edison is viewed as an evil film because it was showing sexual scenes that children end up seeing in theaters. About a decade later, Chicago enacts the first movie censorship law in America (A Brief History of Film Censorship). Later on, other cities and states knew about censorship and formed their own censorship organization. .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .postImageUrl , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:hover , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:visited , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:active { border:0!important; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:active , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Summary - A Civil Action EssayNew York was the second city that trying to censor movies. In the article, The Campaign to Curb the Moving Picture Evil in New York: Organized, it mentions the Mayor Gavor was trying to regulate shows so it can become â€Å"a clean, safe, healthful, and moral place for children of New York City. † By taking those actions, â€Å" the Motion Picture Conference organized for the purpose of improving the physical conditions at moving-picture theaters† They had a bill that integrates films but the Committee of Rules did not except it. Even though the bill was rejected, Commissioner Fosdick did some investigation on theaters and children and found out that theaters were evil and it affected children’s mind. Thomas D. Walsh reported that children do not have supervision while watching movies making them sit with â€Å"evil-minded and depraved men†. He also reported that there were twenty-eight cases of crimes committed from those actions and tons of other cases cause my immoral actions from children. Walsh wasn’t the only one that reported how evil films are, Miss Maude E. Miner, Secretary of the New York Probation Association did too. She stated that there was a child who admitted that he or she would ask a man to get him or her a ticket because he or she was not old enough to go to the movies by him or herself. The child told that the man would do that to others, and then bring them to the balcony where they began their vicious work. Miss Miner later had her opinion about children seeing motion pictures. She believed that theaters should not show any immoral films and that they should humane organizations, such as Russell Sage Foundation, showing educational and entertainment pictures that not only instruct lessons to children, but also to poorer classes. Later on, Tom Gunning explained in his article, From the Opium Den to the Theatre of Morality, that the Board of Censorship was created on March 1909 due to the mayor of New York City â€Å" revoking all licenses for nickelodeons in the metropolitan are and ordering them closed† and how the movies had negative affects in the society (146-147). The Board of Censorship affected the showing of movies. In the article, The Campaign to Curb the Moving Picture Evil in New York: Organized, it mentioned that the board would show â€Å"special release pictures† â€Å"special† theater that no children are allowed to go to. Those first films they censored were the prizefight at Reno and the famous picture of Roosevelt in Africa. The board also reviewed the films that production companies had submitted and either passed the movies, if the production companies made certain changes, or rejected the films completely. Gunning used the movie, La Parapluie d’ Anatole, as an example that showed that the board passed the film if it were edited, such as changing the name of the movie, cutting out the letter that the son wrote to his mother, making it two versions, and cutting out part of a scene in the prison (148). Instead of submitting shows to the board for approval, theater managers, such as Charles Frohman, requested permission from the board so show shows that would give moral lessons. In the article, Frohman Favors Good Sunday Shows, Frohman wanted to show shows on Sunday because he believed that â€Å" the Church is not successfully coping with moral and ethical problems. † He feels like the plays would reach out to those who need the most influence. His idea was to have the plays be â€Å"chosen by a committee of citizens who have long been identified with humanitarian projects in each community and that the strictest civic supervision be exercised. Another reason why he considered to have plays on Sundays was because â€Å" Sunday (is) a day of rest for the public and actors† He imaged that more people would come observe the plays and get the moral lessons behind the plays since jobs are closed and the public are free that day. Frohman mentioned dramatist writers, such a s John Galsworthy, Granville Barker, and Bernard Shaw, who created plays that teach righteousness, brotherhood, and humanity. .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .postImageUrl , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:hover , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:visited , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:active { border:0!important; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:active , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discussing the film Closer EssayHe mentioned the play, â€Å"Justice,† as an example where teaches â€Å" the effect of bringing about prison reforms in England. That and other plays, such as â€Å" Smith,† â€Å"The Scandal,† and â€Å"The Jews,† are productions that is suitable fro him to play in his Sunday show since they provide moral lessons. Since censorship had surfaced throughout the cities and states, it affected the film industry and the societies. The National Board of Censorship made sure the â€Å"evil† films were destroyed and the other films would provide positive influence to the communities. Articles had reports on how m any films were either destroyed or edited. The article, Censors Destroyed Evil Picture Films,† is an example that reported the influence of the board on films. It reported that examined 99 per cent of the movies on the market, which are almost all the films. It means that those films where either left alone, edited, or thrown away because it was too inappropriate to be release to the public, especially children. It reported that since the board has existence, 2,000,000 feet of objectionable films, which had a value of $200,00, were destroyed. Even though film industry lost money on those films, the board had positive influence on the cities, such as St. Louis, Atlanta, Portland, Detroit, and Washington. The children in those cities would get a moral lesson from those movies, such as don’t commit crimes. Another method to improvement the communities that the article mentioned was to let the â€Å"adult receives and can healthfully digest simply goes over the heads of children, and if children are defended from th e calculated immoral lesson and from excessive scenes of horror and violence, has been accomplished. † The children ended up not going to motion picture shows because the parents and the laws excluded them. This is a positive influence since children won’t be allowed to watch inappropriate movies that can ruin their minds and create chaos to the cities and their future career. Therefore motion picture shows should be evaluated before the children viewed it because if movies aren’t investigated, then the youth, in cities like New York and Chicago, would learn the immoral actions and cause destruction to the cities and most importantly, to themselves. Without the invention of censorship, United States would be unstable. Children would keep asking adults to come to the movies with them. In return, the adults would grab children and abuse them. Children would also keep stealing money from ladies and give it to their mothers or plan an assassination on the neighborhood milkman. Children would not have the knowledge to realize what is romantic, sexual pleasure and think that sex is something to do when you are bored or just to get kids and that’s all. None of the kids would know the cigarettes are deadly to their health and they can end up killed. Censorship is similar to rules/laws where if both didn’t existence, then the whole world would be upside down. Bibliography: 1. Censors Destroyed Evil Picture Films: National Board Weeded Out ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times 14 May 1910: 5. Print. 2. Addams, Jane. The Spirit of Youth and The City Streets. New York: The Macmilla Company, 1930. Print. 3. Gunning, Tom. The Silent Cinema Reader. Ed. Lee Grieueson and Peter Kramer. London: Rootledge, 2004. Print. 4. A Brief History of Film Censorship. National Coalition Against Censorship. National Coalition Against Censorship, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2015.  . 5. Orbach, Barak. Prizefighting and the Birth of Movie Censorship. SSRN  1351542 6. The Campaign to Curb the Moving Picture Evil in New York: Organized. New York Times 2 July 1911, sec. SM: 15. Print.

Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essays

Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essays Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essay Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essay Workstation – A computer or a dumb terminal that is connected to a network that inputs and outputs data and is often the ending point of a network, but not always. 2. IP Addresses An IP Address is a multi-digit number assigned to each device in a network that uses the internet protocol (IP) to communicate. 3. Switch – A switch is a networking device that connects network devices. A switch is also commonly known as a network bridge that routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. 4. Router A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks. The router reads the address of the packet to determine where its final destination. 5. WAN/LAN – LAN is a network that connects computers in a smaller area such as a home. The difference between a LAN and a WAN are that a WAN is when two LAN’s are connected with a LEASED line that connects them. 6. Firewall – Can either be software or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network safe. Its main objective is to control the incoming and outgoing traffic as it analyzes the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not. 7. Server/Proxy Server – operates on layer 7, 6, 3 of the OSI model 8. Star Network – One of the most common network topologies. A star network has one central switch/hub/computer, which sends messages to all the other connected nodes. 9. VPN – A Virtual Private Network is a secure network that can be accessed from anywhere. E.g. LJBC school portal network can be directly accessed from school and then if you enter your school username/password from home on the portal page you can also access it. B) OSI layers: 1. Work Station – N/A 2. IP Address – Layer 3 Network Layer 3. Switch – Layer 2 Data Link Layer 4. Router – Layer 2 Data Link Layer and has access to layer 3 and 4 5. WAN/LAN – uses stuff that occurs on layers 1, 3, 4 and WAN also access layer 7 and 6. 6. Firewall – If it’s an application firewall it works on layer 7 and it has access to the network layer (layer 3) 7. Server/Proxy Server – As it can be software, it can work on the application layer (layer 7) and it also works on the transport layer (layer 4) 8. Star Network – uses stuff that occurs on layers 1, 3, 4 9. VPN – runs on the application layer (layer 7) and has access to the physical layer 2. 3. A) Possible Future needs DingoMobile: Expanded Servers (Multiple Head/Smaller Offices). Expansions – New Stores/Offices ________________ New Workstations/Peripheral Device ________________ LAN – Currently, Dingo Mobile has a single store, and a head office. Each individual premise would require a network. The LAN network would allow this; we could connect all the workstations and various other devices (including servers for the Head Office). The LAN network is better described in part 2, basically being a physically connected network on each of the individual premises. Through doing this, we would be able to create a physically network that allows for an individual network, and then also allows the LAN network to interact with the other stores through the VPN. Justification – Taking into consideration the fact that most of DingoMobile’s stores will probably want to use more than one workstation, so creating a LAN network on each premise will cater for this, and then allow each of the connected workstations to also access the internet. The LAN will also allow each store to utilize other peripheral devices, such as printers, which I’d assume would be required for some activities on the premises. How LAN fulfils future needs – LAN’s are ‘relatively’ simple to set up, obviously they can utilize a ‘WLAN’ (Wireless LAN), if setup becomes a problem. The LAN will cater for any expansions each individual store/office requires; all that is needed is another cable to connect the workstation/peripheral into the LAN network. This also gives DingoMobile the reassurance that any required expansions to the network are basically a cable connection away. Considerations for the LAN – The LAN aspect of this network solution may not be as effective, if some premises find it difficult to run cables connecting all of their computers/peripherals together. This should be solved however if they can utilize a WLAN instead, however that is only a possible solution if they cannot run wires throughout the premises. ________________ VPN – Currently, Dingo Mobile has a single store, and a head office. They require a connection between each of the stores/head office, allowing networking between each of the stores/head office. The VPN would allow this; we would connect each of the individual LANs to a Cable/DSL Model that would then allow connection to the internet and from that, access to the Dingo Mobile VPN. The VPN network is better described in part 2, basically being a private network utilizing public telecommunications (the internet). Through the VPN, we will be able to connect each of the store’s LANs together, allowing for wider-scale networking for the Dingo MobileCompany. Justification – Taking into consideration that Dingo Mobile desires a connection between the store and the head office, I’ve selected a VPN network to cater for this. The VPN will allow DingoMobile to create a ‘universal’ network, and allowing the potential future stores to be connected also. How VPN fulfils future needs –The VPN utilizes the internet, therefor it isn’t going to restrict the possible expansions that DingoMobile may require (being one of their future needs). If ever Dingo Mobile requires the sending of important data between head office/stores, the VPN will ensure that the data sent is encrypted, catering to the potential need for safety of transferred data. Considerations for the VPN –The VPN should operate fine, and should continue to do so into the future. Since the VPN is created using the internet, so obviously things such as bandwidth, speed etc., may become an issue. Measures however can be taken to speed up the VPN, so it isn’t a vital issue that needs to be worried about. ________________ 3b) Development Process – The existing system, from the information that I have been provided, basically includes no real networking (The information provided doesn’t indicate whether the store/office have actual networks setup individually, so I’m going to assume that they do not). Basically, DingoMobile want a networking solution to connect all of their store(s) and Head Office together, and I’ve explained the majority of this networking solution in the past two parts of this ‘report’. An overview of how the new system would be implemented, replacing the old system 1. If any previous network is set up on the individual premises, I would recommend taking it apart, and starting from scratch to ensure that everything is following the new network solution. 2. Check that every workstation is clean from viruses/non-corrupted and doesn’t have data that the entire future network should have access to. 3. Set up all of the workstations/other required devices in both the store and Head Office. 4. Connect all of the devices in each premises to the router, and each router to the modem (Setting up the LAN). 5. Once both LAN networks have been established, ensure that both are also connected to the internet. 6. Now that all of the LAN networks have been set-up, it would just be a matter of creating the VPN and interconnecting the head-office and all of the stores. 7. Test the VPN to ensure that everything is working, and once this is finished. The network should be ready for use! Also set different privileges for different users, ensuring that not everybody has access to everything within the network. Also, I’m explaining a quick overview of the Business’s expansion; this includes how the network will expand. 1. Once the network has been setup for the Head Office and single store, it will then be in the state to expand upon if required. 2. Whenever a new peripheral device requires to be added into the network, it will be connected through the LAN of the premises that it is situated, then also from that will be connected to the VPN. 3. Whenever a new store is established, a similar LAN network will be created on the premises, and from there all of the software related set-up will take place that allows that LAN network to also access the DingoMobile VPN. 4. Whenever a new Office is established, it will follow the same steps as the store; however a server may also be included into the LAN setup. As you can see, it’s relatively simple for the Business to expand with the current Network Solution I have provided. 3c) Monitoring the Network – To ensure that the employees are utilizing the network for work purposes, and also to monitor what is being sent throughout the network/occurring throughout the network (including potentially malicious activity etc) is a necessity for DingoMobile. Below are some methods that can be used to monitor the network – 1. UserMonitoringSoftware–This will be a vital part of monitoring the network, the users may be inclined to utilize the network for activities that aren’t helping/causing troubles for DingoMobile, so installing software that monitors all of the employees activity (to an extent that doesn’t conflict with personal privacy) would be one way to monitor the network. 2. Users/Groups – It’s recommended that the users/groups of the network is monitored regularly, due to potential ‘hackers’ gaining access into the VPN and assigning their new user all of the permissions, becoming a security problem for your network. 3. FilteringcertainURL/emails – This will allow you to hopefully avoid malicious files/sites being accessed through the network. 4. Enabling Firewalls (Monitoring the Web Access at Firewalls) – This builds onto the filtering URL/certain emails/files that are sent or accessed throughout the network. It allows you to monitor exactly what is being filtered, and keep track of related activity. EvaluatingtheNetworkSystem –Methods must be utilized to also evaluate the health, speed and general performance etc. of the network, these methods will be used to evaluate the network system in periodical intervals, indicating to the business when and where maintenance must occur on the network system. 1. Benchmarking – Certain programs can be used to compare the network against others in terms of performance. This would be a good indication to how DingoMobile’s network compares to other, similar networks. 2. CheckingtheNetworkUsage – There are tools that the administrators can use, such as the ping function, to measure the network usage, and also the Round Trip Time. This can be a good indication to how the network is performing. 3. Reading through related Error Logs – Reading the error logs relevant to the network will enable the reader to detect any issues, big or small, that may be occurring within the network. Checking this periodically will hopefully enable Dingo Mobile to pick up any problems occurring within the network. 4. Testing the Speed of the Network – Sending files from one premise to the other using the VPN aspect of the network can be used to test the speed of the network, and this can then highlight if there is any issues such as packet-loss that are occurring, and hopefully allows DingoMobile to then find and solve these problems.

European Union legislative process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay

Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay There are many of studies that have been done to study the problems faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, Selangor. For this study the researcher is focusing more on the middle income group that have encounter difficulties in owning their own house based on several reasons that we have gathered throughout this study. This literature review is focused on understanding of Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia, Affordability issues, Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors, Housing Price, Insufficient Housing Allocations, the act of cheating to buy a house , House Location, and Insufficient Income. All these issues are particularly related with our research study, which is to identify the factor of why middle income group are having difficulties in owning their own house. 2.1 Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia. The housing policy involves a number of complex issues nowadays. Malaysia is a country that has multi-cultural society with 3 basic racial-religious groups. Therefore, the housing industry has to take into consideration all these aspect in the development of national housing and planning. The housing and residential pattern has been noticeable due to their economic activities of these 3 different ethnic groups (Tan, 2011). For example, in the past Chinese has been dominated business industry and they lives in town area. Meanwhile, Malay people were complacent with agriculture activities and living in rural areas while Indian people are doing estate work located in rubber and palm oil estate. In order to get rid of these unbalance in term of economic of these 3 ethnic group, the government has come out with one solution by introducing New Economic Policy (NEP) in year 1970 to change the stereotype. The reason why NEP was introduced to foster national unity and nation-building through the eradication of poverty, irrespective of race, and the restructuring of society to eliminate the identification of race with economic function and geographic location (EPU, 2011). Malaysian government has encouraged Malay people to migrate to urban centres as part of NEP strategy to create a new Malay commercial community in urban area (Tan, 2011). However, due to the increase rate of Malay people migrates to urban areas in 1980s, the demand for affordable housing also shows a significant demand growth. But a severe shortage in affordable housing has arisen. Generally, there are 2 alternative for the state to assist their citizen in housing provision and one of them is allocating housing specifically to households those are unable to provide themselves in the general market and another one is to intervene in the functioning of the general market in order to make it more likely to fulfil the housing needs of all households (Aziz, et,al, 2010). Thus, in the efforts to reduce housin g problem for Malaysian citizen especially those low income groups, the government has formulated housing policies and programs to ensure that all have the access to adequate housing. The main objective of housing policy in most countries was once simply to build more houses. This was response to a lack of market-driven supply on a situation of socially perceived large scale housing need (Tan,2011). A part from that, the introduction and the forming of housing policies for a country have another aims, from another scope, pointed by Ismail Omar (2000) and Harvey (1987), such as: a. To achieve the optimum used of present resources. b. To make sure the public can owned a house. c. Gives guild line on new location. d. To make sure special group of public can owned home such as elderly citizen. e. Steering the state and local authorities to provide fair housing distribution. A National Housing Policy (NHP) is needed to provide the direction and basis for the planning and development of the housing sector by all relevant ministries, departments and agencies at the federal, state and local levels as well as the private sector. Thus, according to Tan, 2011, among the early housing policy made by Malaysian government is to introduce:- First Malaysian Plan (1966-1970) and Second Malaysian Plan (1971-1975): Variety of programs designs to promote welfare of all Malaysian regardless of ethnic background by providing improved housing, community facilities, welfare and other services. Third Malaysian Plan (1976-1980): To eradicate poverty and restructure the society Fourth Malaysian Plan (1981-1985): The continuation of previous policy Fifth Malaysian Plan (1986-1990): Housing programs are being implemented in the context of human settlement concept. Here, the social facilities is emphasised rather than the provision of basic infrastructural facilities. Sixth Malaysian Plan (1991-1995): Home owning within various income group is emphasize. Seventh Malaysian Plan (1996-2000): introduction of low-medium cost housing. According to Residential Property Stock Report, the house price can be categorize into low-cost housing (below RM42,000), low-medium cost housing (RM 42,000-RM 60,000), medium cost housing (RM 60,001-Rm 100,000) and high-cost housing (RM 100,001). Eight Malaysian Plan: Priority is continue to be given to the development of low-and low-medium cost houses. Private and public sector were cooperating with each other to meet housing demand. Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-2010): ensure low and low-medium income group will have the access to adequate, quality and affordable housing. Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015): the government targeted to build 78,000 units of affordable homes throughout the country to meet the needs of the various groups, and   another 38,942 units of PPR will be built particularly the low-income groups and the resettlement of squatters. If we go back into the previous year, the governments priority is towards the low-income level group of people. Many programs and project has been launched to help them to sustain living and bring them up to from the poor state. However, no specific policies are stipulated to uphold the need and demand of middle income group. Trapped between the low cost and high cost housing, the middle income group need are not yet being uphold by the government in which they are in a situation that they can afford to buy a house but it is only provided for the low-income group but they are also in a hard situation to compete in high-cost housing According to Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Chor Chee Heung, he said that the housing needs of the middle-income group made up about 40% of the population of the people and are in need to be addressed urgently. 2.2 Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors. In Malaysia, housing development and activities are subject to approval from higher authority from the relevant state and federal authorities except for individual or group housing (Tan,2011). Land conversion, preparation for layout plan, building and infrastructure plans, planning of infrastructure and assessment on environmental impact with involvement of many government agencies, both at federal and local level are those processes that housing companies must go through before starts doing housing project for the benefit of people at large. Among those government department or agencies that requiring approval before housing project can be successfully implemented and build are Land and Mines department, the land offices, Local Authorities, the Survey department, Telekom Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional, the Water Work department and Town and Country Planning department. In addition to the research made by Tan (2011), all housing development project must follow all instruction stated in th e national housing policy that has been regulated to uphold the right and helps people to own a house such as Bumiputera quota, housing control prices, and standard build-up location for low-cost housing, and provision of public amenities for residential housing projects. The public sector plays roles in providing adequate and fulfilling the housing needs by allocating and providing public housing for lower income group and household and has been put as one of the countrys priority since the Five Years National plans and the example can be seen in the establishment of Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Federal land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA), and Johore Tenggaraa Developemtent Boar (KEJORA). A part from that, they also are responsible in providing public houses in urban areas through the establishment of various government and urban development agencies. However, by depending only on public sector, make it hard for the government to fulfil the highe r demand on housing provision for Malaysian citizen. Thus, the government need private sector to help them to provide more housing developments for the public. In order for the private company to engage in the build of housing, they must first obtain the license, sales and advertising permits from the land and Mines Department, District Land Office, Town and Country Planning Department and from local authorities and utility agencies who own the responsibility towards national water, electricity, road and telecommunication supplies. 2.3 Affordability issues. Affordability is always the main issues being highlight by most people who did not have the opportunity to buy their own house. Since housing industry is an important factor in Malaysian industry, the health of housing market is very important and directly gives impact to the affordability of household to own a house. It was argued that the word affordability is basically based on the economic factor of the household itself and the second one is based on the financing of the social rented sector (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Between these 2, the former is proven to have a strong impact by the housing policy. This rising issues regarding affordability problems in owning a house can be considered as one of the most controversial issues within developed or developing countries (Nguyen, 2005). Affordability cannot be described as simple as it seems because different people might perceived different meaning of the word itself. Several attempts also have been tried in order to understand how and w hy affordability problem are existed. These problems have been continuing year by year, it is now becoming the major concern among political leaders, town planners and the government (Hashim, 2010). Due to that rising issues, a precise measures has to be made to ensure all type of household especially those middle income group are able to enjoy and fulfilling their life-long investment and also the need for shelter. The affordability in a narrow concept can also be perceived as related to household incomes, housing cost, housing availability, employment, maintenance of the existing affordable housing stock and the pattern of new construction (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Some measures has been taken in order to give housing assistance to the needy especially to those lower income group and income below median whom were the recipient of social security payments to improve their housing affordability such as Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin or PPRT. However, there were an increasing issues r ising among middle income group whom were not included under the housing assistance provided by the government. They were left alone without assistance and they have to make hard choice either to live in or stay in a house affordable with their income but way too far from their office and they have to bear higher transportation cost or living in a house near town and pay higher rent or high housing price. Therefore, as the result they have to bear with 2 kind of difficulties here that involve high housing cost or high transportation cost. These spiralling housing issues especially happens in major cities has caused the unaffordability to own a house for middle income class group. Affordability problems can be viewed as operating at different levels, ranging from narrower direct experience of severe problem of poverty and homelessness, through an intermediate level of risk, to a broader problem of access to market (Aziz, et, al, 2010). The best meaning of affordable housing would be well defined as housing that was intended to meet the need of those group of people who earned income that are not sufficient to allow them to access appropriate housing market without any assistance. A complete definition of affordability of housing for middle income group were made by DR Wan Nor Azriyati Wan Abd Aziz, et, al through their research saying that the housing with payment no greater than 33% of their gross household income. Finding an affordable house has been the current major concern especially those who live in most major cities or town in Malaysia where many of them are having difficulties are having trouble to buy a house. With new exploding centres such as new townships, commercial hubs, industrial parks and office complexes result in increased number in working population. And with that increase in population in major cities and town areas, the shortage of affordable housing is now becoming more acute. Continuous efforts also has been done to ensure that Malaysi an of all income levels will have the opportunity to have access to adequate, quality, and affordable homes, particularly for the lower income group (Ninth Plan 2020, 2006-2010). However, those who are not included in low income group are having difficulties in having one just like we discover in the Kuala lumpur Structure Plan 2020 (CHKL, 2004) that does not include low medium/ medium cost housing category in the projection of houses unit to be built by year 2020. Although we realize that government has undertaken many housing plan to help middle income household group, but, specific policies has not yet been clearly stated. Only a little assistance and focus is done to attend the needs of middle income group. That is why those group were still facing their hard times searching for a house that suit with their household income here in Malaysia. 2.4 Housing Prices The housing price at several states in Malaysia has experienced a major expansion for the past seventeen year. According to Hashim (2010), the house pricing that keep on continuing to increase year by year are influenced by location, nations income, cost of capital, stock prices and also the population change. As we grow in the era of globalization, the world has been changing so fast. As the population are increasing, the demand for an affordable price also increased. Since housing is the most basic necessity for people, its increase in price however, would directly give impacts towards the affordability of the nation at large especially in Malaysia nowadays which are in need of more suitable and affordable housing. Increasing housing price for the past few years are making it hard for them to own a house suitable with their household income. Generally, housing price is influenced by region given the geographic size and location of the state in Malaysia. Due to the differences in be tween each states economic disparity, the house price and household income will extremely influenced the level of housing affordability. Aside from that, the need for affordable homes has increased significantly due to Selangors rising population density, which is the highest in Malaysia. The states population growth rate of 3.17% surpasses the national average of 2.17%. It has 5,411,324 of residents. If immigrants were added into account, their population might be almost seven million. This has become a challenge for the state to provide for the peoples needs due to the vast expansion of population, including housing, as they estimated about 1.8 million houses are needed to meet the needs of the people as they approach 2020. According to Hashim (2010), Selangor which indicates among the most developed state in Malaysia have a high housing price as compared to other less developed states like Kelantan. According to him, at the national level, Selangor house price on average is 35% t o 53% higher in between 1995 to 2006. Based on the study made in Selangor, the 480-sqaure feet studio apartment located in the outskirt of town which was located in Seri Kembangan, cost more than RM 230,000 excluding other maintenance charges. This huge hike in price, even though only just a small house has affected local people, especially the middle income household which made up the majority of the population. With the huge cost of housing, many of the low and middle income are forced to purchase their house out-of-town since they are not afford to pay high price in the urban area. As a result, they have to bear other problems which they have to spend more on transportation such as fuel or public transportation cost because it was quite far from their workplace. The reason why the price are keep on increasing is because there is no limitation made by the government to control the housing price since they are only have the power to decide which location for them to build houses. T he housing price is on the responsibility of the developer itself but depending on land price at that time. However, according to State Executive Councillor, Mr Iskandar Samad, they have trying to control the location where the developer wants to build affordable houses for the middle income group. This is how the state government trying to fight back for the particular income group because without the assistance, middle income group will never afford to compete and purchase in buying their own affordable house. 2.5 Insufficient Housing Allocations Housing is one of the basic necessities as shelter for human and the government is enthusiastic in ensuring the public would have a better access towards a better and affordable housing provision. Generally, houses supplied by the private sector have been sufficient for the high-income group. However, the house allocations for the needy group of middle income are still insufficient to meet the high demand of the ever growing population. The insufficient in allocation for this particular group would be caused by 2 factors, which are the issue of land provision by government and the refusal for the developer to build affordable house in the centre of the city (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). The government has all time, put the highest priority to give benefits to the public in which to build in mixed development, rather than building affordable house for them in the outskirts of town. However, with the inadequate land allocated for the housing to build by the developer, the need to build more houses for the middle income cannot be made into reality. There is not enough land left to build affordable house in the cities. This is because, according to the building laws, the  state only has the powers to compel a developer  to build low-cost and medium-cost housing if the  plot of land earmarked for development measures  10 acres or more (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). According to the law, developers will have to  allocate 20 % for low cost housing, another  20 % for low to medium, 10 % for  medium housing and the other 50 % for  others. However, affordable housing is still being built outside town due to the inadequate and unavailability of land bigger than 10 acres there. According to Jabatan Perumahan Negara (2011), with five acres of land in the city, building low  or medium-cost housing would mean a loss for  developers and in turn purchasers will suffer because  contractors will be told to use substandard  materials to cut costs. If they were to follow what the government suggest, which is by selling house at a lower and affordable rate but with high cost in constructing it, developers will end up making losses and stop building house in the cities. With this major issue, the state also worried that developer might end up using cheaper materials and probably hiring unskilful worker to prevent them from making losses. Thus, the housing construction does not meeting the accurate requirement made by the government and public would be suffered from buying a house with no quality and they would have to buy or lease house far from their workplace. Thus, these insufficient allocations of affordable housing for middle income household in the cities can be considered as a major issues nowadays and have to be solved by government to uphold and to assist this group to have better access to a spacious, comfortable, yet affordable housing according to their income level. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3.0 Introduction In this part of research method, it consist of a report that explains all the procedures followed in the process of gathering data necessary for the analysis to meet our research objectives. Besides that, research method also tells the researcher how the study was carried out and also determines the outcomes of the study. 3.1 Research Design. Our study was gather information that done to examine the problem faced by the middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The best approach to gather data directly for this study is by selecting randomly people especially the household lives in the busy city of Shah Alam. In this research, the questionnaires have been used in gathering the data related. We have decided to distribute the questionnaires to our respondents personally in our research since it helps and enable us to get more reliable and accurate information. The purpose of this study is hypothesis testing. We want determine what is the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. Other than that, we also use and add-on secondary data in our research to make it more complete in order to gather information such as journal, internet source and newspaper article. 3.2 Unit of Analysis As this study wanted to identify the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, thus, Unit of analysis refers to the respondent of this study. In the research, the unit of analysis consists of those people lives in Shah Alam and among working people. In our research area, we will aim for target respondents at Shah Alam especially in Seksyen 2 and 7. 3.3 Sample Size Sample size is defined as the number of elements to be included in the study (Malhotra, 1999). In determining the sample size for our study, we have calculated the number of observation by referring to table formulated by Sudman (1970). Given the whole population, the suggested sample size was approximately 150. However the actual sample that was collected ended up with amounted to only 100 usable responses. Thus, the sample size of our research study is 100 amounted to persons. The reason why we did this by choosing only 100 respondents is because the end result will be more accurate, easy to monitor and to make it easier for researcher to do their job. In this research, we distributed 100 questionnaires to the household in Shah Alam area randomly especially in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. These 100 respondents had represented the household to answer the question from the researcher. We, as the researcher are going to distribute the questionnaires at the area of our target group which i s in Shah Alam. 3.4 Sampling Techniques. Sampling refers to the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population. Therefore, a study of the sample and understanding of its properties of characteristics is done and would make it possible for researchers to generalize such characteristics to the population elements (Sekaran, 2004). Then, after we successfully get to identify the target population, the appropriate sampling will be selected. The sampling technique that we, as the researchers will use in this research is called convenience sampling technique. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Convenience sampling was used when true random sampling is essential. This is where the researcher approach and ask questions to anyone who is available. This method is quick and cheap. The convenience sampling is also known as unrestricted probability sampling which refers to anyone and equal chance of being selected as a subject. We have already decided to distribute 100 questionnaires to the household lives in Shah Alam especially those who lives in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. In the forms of research, it would be ideal to test the entire population, but in this case, the population is too large to include every individual. This is the reason why we rely on sampling technique like convenience sampling, the most common of all technique. 3.5 Measurement / Instrumentation The research instrument that was used in this study for the primary data is done by using questionnaire. The questionnaire was written in both languages which are English and Bahasa Malaysia and was used in order to get the related data regarding the problem faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The questionnaire has been given to the selected respondent and they answered the questionnaire personally. The questions were divided into five sections which are Section A: Respondent Profile, Section B: categorization of middle income group, Section C: household preferences, Section D: existing house, Section E: problem of difficulty to own a house, and the last section is Section F: affordability issues. The rationale in designing these questions was to explore views and perceptions of middle income group households towards current affordability and to determine the accessibility of the group to affordable housing. Table 3.1: Measurement / Instrumentation No Objectives Concepts/construct Measurement 1 To determine the significance relationship between house price and household affordability. Employee performance is the job related activities expected of a worker and how well those activities were executed (businessdictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 2 To determine the significance relationship between housing allocation and household affordability. Counter layout is an arrangement or a plan, especially the schematic arrangement of parts or areas. (fredictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3 To determine the significance relationship between attitude of household buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 4. To determine the significance relationship between house location buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 5. To determine the significance relationship between household income and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 6. To determine the most significant problems that contributes to the level of household affordability towards household lives in Shah Alam. Customer satisfaction can be defined as a state of mind in which the customers needs, wants, and expectations throughout the product of service life haven been met or exceeded, resulting in future repurchase and loyalty (Anton, 1996). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3.6 Data Collection In this study, there are numerous and varieties source of data that can help in gathering suitable information. Some of these methods depend on the methodology and the theoretical assumptions used inthe research. There a trend for researcher to collect hard objective numbers for example primary data and secondary data. 3.6.1 Primary Data Primary data are data gathered and assembled specially for the research project hand. Usually primary data was collected by the researcher. The method that will be used under primary data is questionnare. This data is collected when secondary data is not sufficient and depends largely on the research objectives and varies from one problem to another. For this study, the primary data will be obtained through qustionnaires given to the target respondents. A questionnaire will distribute to the respondents such as the household lives in Shah Alam, Selangor. After they have answered the entire question, it will be collected and the data will go through several process. The data that have been collected will be sorted, coded, entry, testing, presenting and lastly the data will be analyzed. The data for this survey can be use as information in making research. A part from that, we also will be doing direct interview with the person related and have a major knowledge in the housing arena to get more reliable knowledge regarding affordability of housing in Shah Alam. 3.6.2 Secondary Data Secondary data or historical data are data previously collected and assembled for some project other than one at hand. Its gathered and recorded by someone else prior to the current needs of the researcher. Its quickly and cheaply. The method that we used under secondary data was article and journal. The information that gathered from these resources which can be online searching such as Official website of Kementerian Perumahan Kerajaan Tempatan, New Straits Times, The Malay Mail, Berita Harian, Utusan Malaysia and so on. It helps the reserachers to get information and data while doing this study. Another type is from online searching through internet that will provide a lots of information from journals, annual reports, thesis, previous reseacrh and etc. It is more economical and simple for the researcher to conduct her research. 3.7 Data analysis For this study, we used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 version software to analyze data. SPSS is a computer program used for statistical analysis. Most of the researcher use SPSS software as a tool to analyze the data. In this research report, the researcher transform the raw data that we obtained from the questionaire into SPSS. Then, the researcher proceed to discuss the result of the analysis and interpretation. For this study, methods used are reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Reli