The Early Film Industry Essay Example For Students

The Early Film Industry Essay The film industry was formed in the 1890s in New York and Chicago. The industry invented the first motion-picture shows. Throughout the years, more people from those cities began to pay attention to films and began enjoying watching it. Films were becoming the most popular entertainment. Every city had one or more theaters and tons of people attend those theaters. It beame a great way to socialize and see how successful the film industry had become. Even though the industry became popular, it provided detrimental influence on children, so censorship was created to protect those films by either editing the inappropriate scenes in the film or rejected films to premiere. According to the children in the cities of Chicago and New York, they believed that the shows played in theaters were real and they should mimic it. In the article, â€Å" The House of Dreams†, the author, Jane Addams, mentioned that youth believed that â€Å"views the deeds of the hero simply as a forecast of his own future and it is this fascinating view of his own career which draws the boy to shows of all sorts. We will write a custom essay on The Early Film Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They can scarcely be too improbably for him, portraying, as they do, his belief in his own prowess† (pg. 78). Type of movies about revenge, romance, drama, and action heroes, interest the youth, so Addams believed that the youth could not tell if the shows are real or not. As a result, â€Å" An eminent alienist of Chicago states that he has had a number of patients among neurotic children whose emotional natures have been so over-wrought by the crude appeal to which they had been so constantly subjected in the theaters, they have become ictims of hallucination and mental disorder† (92). Only were children suffering from mental issues from those movies but, those movies also showed what the children should do and that would be there future. In the end, films caused crimes and chaos in the cities. One example that a child committed a crime was stealing â€Å" a mass of artificial flowers with which to trim a hat. She stated that she had taken the flowers because she was afraid of losing the attention of a young man. (pg. 0)† That man was the only man that ever took her to movies and if he doesn’t see him, she will be heartbroken and couldn’t go to the theater ever again. She cannot live without the theater. This example shows how films affected children’s mind causing them do illegal actions instead of having common sense. That girl could have gone to the theater with a different guy instead of being so obsessive with that one guy, but movies taught her that she needs to keep that one guy by being all â€Å"dressy† and giving him attention. Another example story that Addams wrote that had to do with children committing crimes was about how a family of a women, two boys, and a baby are in poverty where the mother sends her boys out to beg for money. They didn’t listen to their mother, took a revolver, killed a Chinese laundry-man, stole money from him, and gave the money to the mother where she was thankful (79). Addams also mentioned a story were nine, eleven, and thirteen years old boys planned to kill and rob a milkman. They bought a gun tried to shoot him, but they missed. Not only young boys were causing illegal actions. Older boys were also doing it too. For example, â€Å" Thirteen young lads were brought into Municipal Courteach one with an outfit of burglar’s tools in his possession† (94) Those boys told the judges that they saw a play that had a burglar that suggested that other people should follow his path. Those types of shows were unacceptable, according the writers, similar to Addams, because it filled the youth’s minds to accept those actions and made them okay to do it. The communities in both New York and Chicago were afraid that there will be more crimes so the communities created censorship. Censorship started to happen in the late 1890’s due to the films being a threat to morality. For an example, the film, The Kiss, by Thomas Edison is viewed as an evil film because it was showing sexual scenes that children end up seeing in theaters. About a decade later, Chicago enacts the first movie censorship law in America (A Brief History of Film Censorship). Later on, other cities and states knew about censorship and formed their own censorship organization. .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .postImageUrl , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:hover , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:visited , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:active { border:0!important; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:active , .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871 .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff920d374ba9935d06d6c7d8c107c871:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Summary - A Civil Action EssayNew York was the second city that trying to censor movies. In the article, The Campaign to Curb the Moving Picture Evil in New York: Organized, it mentions the Mayor Gavor was trying to regulate shows so it can become â€Å"a clean, safe, healthful, and moral place for children of New York City. † By taking those actions, â€Å" the Motion Picture Conference organized for the purpose of improving the physical conditions at moving-picture theaters† They had a bill that integrates films but the Committee of Rules did not except it. Even though the bill was rejected, Commissioner Fosdick did some investigation on theaters and children and found out that theaters were evil and it affected children’s mind. Thomas D. Walsh reported that children do not have supervision while watching movies making them sit with â€Å"evil-minded and depraved men†. He also reported that there were twenty-eight cases of crimes committed from those actions and tons of other cases cause my immoral actions from children. Walsh wasn’t the only one that reported how evil films are, Miss Maude E. Miner, Secretary of the New York Probation Association did too. She stated that there was a child who admitted that he or she would ask a man to get him or her a ticket because he or she was not old enough to go to the movies by him or herself. The child told that the man would do that to others, and then bring them to the balcony where they began their vicious work. Miss Miner later had her opinion about children seeing motion pictures. She believed that theaters should not show any immoral films and that they should humane organizations, such as Russell Sage Foundation, showing educational and entertainment pictures that not only instruct lessons to children, but also to poorer classes. Later on, Tom Gunning explained in his article, From the Opium Den to the Theatre of Morality, that the Board of Censorship was created on March 1909 due to the mayor of New York City â€Å" revoking all licenses for nickelodeons in the metropolitan are and ordering them closed† and how the movies had negative affects in the society (146-147). The Board of Censorship affected the showing of movies. In the article, The Campaign to Curb the Moving Picture Evil in New York: Organized, it mentioned that the board would show â€Å"special release pictures† â€Å"special† theater that no children are allowed to go to. Those first films they censored were the prizefight at Reno and the famous picture of Roosevelt in Africa. The board also reviewed the films that production companies had submitted and either passed the movies, if the production companies made certain changes, or rejected the films completely. Gunning used the movie, La Parapluie d’ Anatole, as an example that showed that the board passed the film if it were edited, such as changing the name of the movie, cutting out the letter that the son wrote to his mother, making it two versions, and cutting out part of a scene in the prison (148). Instead of submitting shows to the board for approval, theater managers, such as Charles Frohman, requested permission from the board so show shows that would give moral lessons. In the article, Frohman Favors Good Sunday Shows, Frohman wanted to show shows on Sunday because he believed that â€Å" the Church is not successfully coping with moral and ethical problems. † He feels like the plays would reach out to those who need the most influence. His idea was to have the plays be â€Å"chosen by a committee of citizens who have long been identified with humanitarian projects in each community and that the strictest civic supervision be exercised. Another reason why he considered to have plays on Sundays was because â€Å" Sunday (is) a day of rest for the public and actors† He imaged that more people would come observe the plays and get the moral lessons behind the plays since jobs are closed and the public are free that day. Frohman mentioned dramatist writers, such a s John Galsworthy, Granville Barker, and Bernard Shaw, who created plays that teach righteousness, brotherhood, and humanity. .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .postImageUrl , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:hover , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:visited , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:active { border:0!important; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:active , .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36 .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc98c0b7ceda445c33a0c0ba2a3518c36:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Discussing the film Closer EssayHe mentioned the play, â€Å"Justice,† as an example where teaches â€Å" the effect of bringing about prison reforms in England. That and other plays, such as â€Å" Smith,† â€Å"The Scandal,† and â€Å"The Jews,† are productions that is suitable fro him to play in his Sunday show since they provide moral lessons. Since censorship had surfaced throughout the cities and states, it affected the film industry and the societies. The National Board of Censorship made sure the â€Å"evil† films were destroyed and the other films would provide positive influence to the communities. Articles had reports on how m any films were either destroyed or edited. The article, Censors Destroyed Evil Picture Films,† is an example that reported the influence of the board on films. It reported that examined 99 per cent of the movies on the market, which are almost all the films. It means that those films where either left alone, edited, or thrown away because it was too inappropriate to be release to the public, especially children. It reported that since the board has existence, 2,000,000 feet of objectionable films, which had a value of $200,00, were destroyed. Even though film industry lost money on those films, the board had positive influence on the cities, such as St. Louis, Atlanta, Portland, Detroit, and Washington. The children in those cities would get a moral lesson from those movies, such as don’t commit crimes. Another method to improvement the communities that the article mentioned was to let the â€Å"adult receives and can healthfully digest simply goes over the heads of children, and if children are defended from th e calculated immoral lesson and from excessive scenes of horror and violence, has been accomplished. † The children ended up not going to motion picture shows because the parents and the laws excluded them. This is a positive influence since children won’t be allowed to watch inappropriate movies that can ruin their minds and create chaos to the cities and their future career. Therefore motion picture shows should be evaluated before the children viewed it because if movies aren’t investigated, then the youth, in cities like New York and Chicago, would learn the immoral actions and cause destruction to the cities and most importantly, to themselves. Without the invention of censorship, United States would be unstable. Children would keep asking adults to come to the movies with them. In return, the adults would grab children and abuse them. Children would also keep stealing money from ladies and give it to their mothers or plan an assassination on the neighborhood milkman. Children would not have the knowledge to realize what is romantic, sexual pleasure and think that sex is something to do when you are bored or just to get kids and that’s all. None of the kids would know the cigarettes are deadly to their health and they can end up killed. Censorship is similar to rules/laws where if both didn’t existence, then the whole world would be upside down. Bibliography: 1. Censors Destroyed Evil Picture Films: National Board Weeded Out ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times 14 May 1910: 5. Print. 2. Addams, Jane. The Spirit of Youth and The City Streets. New York: The Macmilla Company, 1930. Print. 3. Gunning, Tom. The Silent Cinema Reader. Ed. Lee Grieueson and Peter Kramer. London: Rootledge, 2004. Print. 4. A Brief History of Film Censorship. National Coalition Against Censorship. National Coalition Against Censorship, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2015.  . 5. Orbach, Barak. Prizefighting and the Birth of Movie Censorship. SSRN  1351542 6. The Campaign to Curb the Moving Picture Evil in New York: Organized. New York Times 2 July 1911, sec. SM: 15. Print.

Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essays

Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essays Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essay Networking Diagrams and Case Study Essay Workstation – A computer or a dumb terminal that is connected to a network that inputs and outputs data and is often the ending point of a network, but not always. 2. IP Addresses An IP Address is a multi-digit number assigned to each device in a network that uses the internet protocol (IP) to communicate. 3. Switch – A switch is a networking device that connects network devices. A switch is also commonly known as a network bridge that routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. 4. Router A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks. The router reads the address of the packet to determine where its final destination. 5. WAN/LAN – LAN is a network that connects computers in a smaller area such as a home. The difference between a LAN and a WAN are that a WAN is when two LAN’s are connected with a LEASED line that connects them. 6. Firewall – Can either be software or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network safe. Its main objective is to control the incoming and outgoing traffic as it analyzes the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not. 7. Server/Proxy Server – operates on layer 7, 6, 3 of the OSI model 8. Star Network – One of the most common network topologies. A star network has one central switch/hub/computer, which sends messages to all the other connected nodes. 9. VPN – A Virtual Private Network is a secure network that can be accessed from anywhere. E.g. LJBC school portal network can be directly accessed from school and then if you enter your school username/password from home on the portal page you can also access it. B) OSI layers: 1. Work Station – N/A 2. IP Address – Layer 3 Network Layer 3. Switch – Layer 2 Data Link Layer 4. Router – Layer 2 Data Link Layer and has access to layer 3 and 4 5. WAN/LAN – uses stuff that occurs on layers 1, 3, 4 and WAN also access layer 7 and 6. 6. Firewall – If it’s an application firewall it works on layer 7 and it has access to the network layer (layer 3) 7. Server/Proxy Server – As it can be software, it can work on the application layer (layer 7) and it also works on the transport layer (layer 4) 8. Star Network – uses stuff that occurs on layers 1, 3, 4 9. VPN – runs on the application layer (layer 7) and has access to the physical layer 2. 3. A) Possible Future needs DingoMobile: Expanded Servers (Multiple Head/Smaller Offices). Expansions – New Stores/Offices ________________ New Workstations/Peripheral Device ________________ LAN – Currently, Dingo Mobile has a single store, and a head office. Each individual premise would require a network. The LAN network would allow this; we could connect all the workstations and various other devices (including servers for the Head Office). The LAN network is better described in part 2, basically being a physically connected network on each of the individual premises. Through doing this, we would be able to create a physically network that allows for an individual network, and then also allows the LAN network to interact with the other stores through the VPN. Justification – Taking into consideration the fact that most of DingoMobile’s stores will probably want to use more than one workstation, so creating a LAN network on each premise will cater for this, and then allow each of the connected workstations to also access the internet. The LAN will also allow each store to utilize other peripheral devices, such as printers, which I’d assume would be required for some activities on the premises. How LAN fulfils future needs – LAN’s are ‘relatively’ simple to set up, obviously they can utilize a ‘WLAN’ (Wireless LAN), if setup becomes a problem. The LAN will cater for any expansions each individual store/office requires; all that is needed is another cable to connect the workstation/peripheral into the LAN network. This also gives DingoMobile the reassurance that any required expansions to the network are basically a cable connection away. Considerations for the LAN – The LAN aspect of this network solution may not be as effective, if some premises find it difficult to run cables connecting all of their computers/peripherals together. This should be solved however if they can utilize a WLAN instead, however that is only a possible solution if they cannot run wires throughout the premises. ________________ VPN – Currently, Dingo Mobile has a single store, and a head office. They require a connection between each of the stores/head office, allowing networking between each of the stores/head office. The VPN would allow this; we would connect each of the individual LANs to a Cable/DSL Model that would then allow connection to the internet and from that, access to the Dingo Mobile VPN. The VPN network is better described in part 2, basically being a private network utilizing public telecommunications (the internet). Through the VPN, we will be able to connect each of the store’s LANs together, allowing for wider-scale networking for the Dingo MobileCompany. Justification – Taking into consideration that Dingo Mobile desires a connection between the store and the head office, I’ve selected a VPN network to cater for this. The VPN will allow DingoMobile to create a ‘universal’ network, and allowing the potential future stores to be connected also. How VPN fulfils future needs –The VPN utilizes the internet, therefor it isn’t going to restrict the possible expansions that DingoMobile may require (being one of their future needs). If ever Dingo Mobile requires the sending of important data between head office/stores, the VPN will ensure that the data sent is encrypted, catering to the potential need for safety of transferred data. Considerations for the VPN –The VPN should operate fine, and should continue to do so into the future. Since the VPN is created using the internet, so obviously things such as bandwidth, speed etc., may become an issue. Measures however can be taken to speed up the VPN, so it isn’t a vital issue that needs to be worried about. ________________ 3b) Development Process – The existing system, from the information that I have been provided, basically includes no real networking (The information provided doesn’t indicate whether the store/office have actual networks setup individually, so I’m going to assume that they do not). Basically, DingoMobile want a networking solution to connect all of their store(s) and Head Office together, and I’ve explained the majority of this networking solution in the past two parts of this ‘report’. An overview of how the new system would be implemented, replacing the old system 1. If any previous network is set up on the individual premises, I would recommend taking it apart, and starting from scratch to ensure that everything is following the new network solution. 2. Check that every workstation is clean from viruses/non-corrupted and doesn’t have data that the entire future network should have access to. 3. Set up all of the workstations/other required devices in both the store and Head Office. 4. Connect all of the devices in each premises to the router, and each router to the modem (Setting up the LAN). 5. Once both LAN networks have been established, ensure that both are also connected to the internet. 6. Now that all of the LAN networks have been set-up, it would just be a matter of creating the VPN and interconnecting the head-office and all of the stores. 7. Test the VPN to ensure that everything is working, and once this is finished. The network should be ready for use! Also set different privileges for different users, ensuring that not everybody has access to everything within the network. Also, I’m explaining a quick overview of the Business’s expansion; this includes how the network will expand. 1. Once the network has been setup for the Head Office and single store, it will then be in the state to expand upon if required. 2. Whenever a new peripheral device requires to be added into the network, it will be connected through the LAN of the premises that it is situated, then also from that will be connected to the VPN. 3. Whenever a new store is established, a similar LAN network will be created on the premises, and from there all of the software related set-up will take place that allows that LAN network to also access the DingoMobile VPN. 4. Whenever a new Office is established, it will follow the same steps as the store; however a server may also be included into the LAN setup. As you can see, it’s relatively simple for the Business to expand with the current Network Solution I have provided. 3c) Monitoring the Network – To ensure that the employees are utilizing the network for work purposes, and also to monitor what is being sent throughout the network/occurring throughout the network (including potentially malicious activity etc) is a necessity for DingoMobile. Below are some methods that can be used to monitor the network – 1. UserMonitoringSoftware–This will be a vital part of monitoring the network, the users may be inclined to utilize the network for activities that aren’t helping/causing troubles for DingoMobile, so installing software that monitors all of the employees activity (to an extent that doesn’t conflict with personal privacy) would be one way to monitor the network. 2. Users/Groups – It’s recommended that the users/groups of the network is monitored regularly, due to potential ‘hackers’ gaining access into the VPN and assigning their new user all of the permissions, becoming a security problem for your network. 3. FilteringcertainURL/emails – This will allow you to hopefully avoid malicious files/sites being accessed through the network. 4. Enabling Firewalls (Monitoring the Web Access at Firewalls) – This builds onto the filtering URL/certain emails/files that are sent or accessed throughout the network. It allows you to monitor exactly what is being filtered, and keep track of related activity. EvaluatingtheNetworkSystem –Methods must be utilized to also evaluate the health, speed and general performance etc. of the network, these methods will be used to evaluate the network system in periodical intervals, indicating to the business when and where maintenance must occur on the network system. 1. Benchmarking – Certain programs can be used to compare the network against others in terms of performance. This would be a good indication to how DingoMobile’s network compares to other, similar networks. 2. CheckingtheNetworkUsage – There are tools that the administrators can use, such as the ping function, to measure the network usage, and also the Round Trip Time. This can be a good indication to how the network is performing. 3. Reading through related Error Logs – Reading the error logs relevant to the network will enable the reader to detect any issues, big or small, that may be occurring within the network. Checking this periodically will hopefully enable Dingo Mobile to pick up any problems occurring within the network. 4. Testing the Speed of the Network – Sending files from one premise to the other using the VPN aspect of the network can be used to test the speed of the network, and this can then highlight if there is any issues such as packet-loss that are occurring, and hopefully allows DingoMobile to then find and solve these problems.

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1964 Tokyo Olympics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1964 Tokyo Olympics - Essay Example Symbolizing a reacceptance to the global community and the end of a lengthy, depressing period for many Japanese, the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics was a moment to recognize and commemorate the progress and reemergence of Japan. This Japan was new and different from what it used to be in the eyes of the world; it was no longer a wartime foe, but a peaceful country that terrorized no one. In a surprisingly short time, the transition from distraught enemy to rebuilt friend was achieved in less than 2 decades. Japan had previously joined the United Nations and several other international organizations, but nothing matches the vision and splendor of an Olympics. The whole world would be coming to Japan, and those that could not come would be watching live and in color for the first time. It was also the first Olympiad to be hosted in a non-white, non-Western country, a point of pride for both Japan and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The Japanese also made a decision to prove the world that they had restructured and were now a peace-loving people. The Olympics, which claim to be apolitical and about individuals coming together in nonviolent competition, were perfect for displaying this new identity based on Japan's constitution that renounced war as a tool of the state and its status as the only country to suffer from an atomic bombing. Certainly, selective amnesia was necessary that either forgot the war or centered on domestic torment during the war rather than the suffering Japanese caused across Asia and the Pacific during the 17 years of war. This was most obviously witnessed at the various art and cultural exhibits that cautiously eliminated all images and arts related to the Empire. As the Japanese government was basically prohibited the use of the military or its traditions, the Olympics were also a harmless way to promote patriotism and nationalism.

Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay

Housing Development And Policies In Malaysia Economics Essay There are many of studies that have been done to study the problems faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, Selangor. For this study the researcher is focusing more on the middle income group that have encounter difficulties in owning their own house based on several reasons that we have gathered throughout this study. This literature review is focused on understanding of Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia, Affordability issues, Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors, Housing Price, Insufficient Housing Allocations, the act of cheating to buy a house , House Location, and Insufficient Income. All these issues are particularly related with our research study, which is to identify the factor of why middle income group are having difficulties in owning their own house. 2.1 Housing Development and Policies in Malaysia. The housing policy involves a number of complex issues nowadays. Malaysia is a country that has multi-cultural society with 3 basic racial-religious groups. Therefore, the housing industry has to take into consideration all these aspect in the development of national housing and planning. The housing and residential pattern has been noticeable due to their economic activities of these 3 different ethnic groups (Tan, 2011). For example, in the past Chinese has been dominated business industry and they lives in town area. Meanwhile, Malay people were complacent with agriculture activities and living in rural areas while Indian people are doing estate work located in rubber and palm oil estate. In order to get rid of these unbalance in term of economic of these 3 ethnic group, the government has come out with one solution by introducing New Economic Policy (NEP) in year 1970 to change the stereotype. The reason why NEP was introduced to foster national unity and nation-building through the eradication of poverty, irrespective of race, and the restructuring of society to eliminate the identification of race with economic function and geographic location (EPU, 2011). Malaysian government has encouraged Malay people to migrate to urban centres as part of NEP strategy to create a new Malay commercial community in urban area (Tan, 2011). However, due to the increase rate of Malay people migrates to urban areas in 1980s, the demand for affordable housing also shows a significant demand growth. But a severe shortage in affordable housing has arisen. Generally, there are 2 alternative for the state to assist their citizen in housing provision and one of them is allocating housing specifically to households those are unable to provide themselves in the general market and another one is to intervene in the functioning of the general market in order to make it more likely to fulfil the housing needs of all households (Aziz, et,al, 2010). Thus, in the efforts to reduce housin g problem for Malaysian citizen especially those low income groups, the government has formulated housing policies and programs to ensure that all have the access to adequate housing. The main objective of housing policy in most countries was once simply to build more houses. This was response to a lack of market-driven supply on a situation of socially perceived large scale housing need (Tan,2011). A part from that, the introduction and the forming of housing policies for a country have another aims, from another scope, pointed by Ismail Omar (2000) and Harvey (1987), such as: a. To achieve the optimum used of present resources. b. To make sure the public can owned a house. c. Gives guild line on new location. d. To make sure special group of public can owned home such as elderly citizen. e. Steering the state and local authorities to provide fair housing distribution. A National Housing Policy (NHP) is needed to provide the direction and basis for the planning and development of the housing sector by all relevant ministries, departments and agencies at the federal, state and local levels as well as the private sector. Thus, according to Tan, 2011, among the early housing policy made by Malaysian government is to introduce:- First Malaysian Plan (1966-1970) and Second Malaysian Plan (1971-1975): Variety of programs designs to promote welfare of all Malaysian regardless of ethnic background by providing improved housing, community facilities, welfare and other services. Third Malaysian Plan (1976-1980): To eradicate poverty and restructure the society Fourth Malaysian Plan (1981-1985): The continuation of previous policy Fifth Malaysian Plan (1986-1990): Housing programs are being implemented in the context of human settlement concept. Here, the social facilities is emphasised rather than the provision of basic infrastructural facilities. Sixth Malaysian Plan (1991-1995): Home owning within various income group is emphasize. Seventh Malaysian Plan (1996-2000): introduction of low-medium cost housing. According to Residential Property Stock Report, the house price can be categorize into low-cost housing (below RM42,000), low-medium cost housing (RM 42,000-RM 60,000), medium cost housing (RM 60,001-Rm 100,000) and high-cost housing (RM 100,001). Eight Malaysian Plan: Priority is continue to be given to the development of low-and low-medium cost houses. Private and public sector were cooperating with each other to meet housing demand. Ninth Malaysian Plan (2006-2010): ensure low and low-medium income group will have the access to adequate, quality and affordable housing. Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015): the government targeted to build 78,000 units of affordable homes throughout the country to meet the needs of the various groups, and   another 38,942 units of PPR will be built particularly the low-income groups and the resettlement of squatters. If we go back into the previous year, the governments priority is towards the low-income level group of people. Many programs and project has been launched to help them to sustain living and bring them up to from the poor state. However, no specific policies are stipulated to uphold the need and demand of middle income group. Trapped between the low cost and high cost housing, the middle income group need are not yet being uphold by the government in which they are in a situation that they can afford to buy a house but it is only provided for the low-income group but they are also in a hard situation to compete in high-cost housing According to Housing and Local Government Minister Datuk Seri Chor Chee Heung, he said that the housing needs of the middle-income group made up about 40% of the population of the people and are in need to be addressed urgently. 2.2 Housing Provision by Public and Private sectors. In Malaysia, housing development and activities are subject to approval from higher authority from the relevant state and federal authorities except for individual or group housing (Tan,2011). Land conversion, preparation for layout plan, building and infrastructure plans, planning of infrastructure and assessment on environmental impact with involvement of many government agencies, both at federal and local level are those processes that housing companies must go through before starts doing housing project for the benefit of people at large. Among those government department or agencies that requiring approval before housing project can be successfully implemented and build are Land and Mines department, the land offices, Local Authorities, the Survey department, Telekom Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional, the Water Work department and Town and Country Planning department. In addition to the research made by Tan (2011), all housing development project must follow all instruction stated in th e national housing policy that has been regulated to uphold the right and helps people to own a house such as Bumiputera quota, housing control prices, and standard build-up location for low-cost housing, and provision of public amenities for residential housing projects. The public sector plays roles in providing adequate and fulfilling the housing needs by allocating and providing public housing for lower income group and household and has been put as one of the countrys priority since the Five Years National plans and the example can be seen in the establishment of Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Federal land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA), and Johore Tenggaraa Developemtent Boar (KEJORA). A part from that, they also are responsible in providing public houses in urban areas through the establishment of various government and urban development agencies. However, by depending only on public sector, make it hard for the government to fulfil the highe r demand on housing provision for Malaysian citizen. Thus, the government need private sector to help them to provide more housing developments for the public. In order for the private company to engage in the build of housing, they must first obtain the license, sales and advertising permits from the land and Mines Department, District Land Office, Town and Country Planning Department and from local authorities and utility agencies who own the responsibility towards national water, electricity, road and telecommunication supplies. 2.3 Affordability issues. Affordability is always the main issues being highlight by most people who did not have the opportunity to buy their own house. Since housing industry is an important factor in Malaysian industry, the health of housing market is very important and directly gives impact to the affordability of household to own a house. It was argued that the word affordability is basically based on the economic factor of the household itself and the second one is based on the financing of the social rented sector (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Between these 2, the former is proven to have a strong impact by the housing policy. This rising issues regarding affordability problems in owning a house can be considered as one of the most controversial issues within developed or developing countries (Nguyen, 2005). Affordability cannot be described as simple as it seems because different people might perceived different meaning of the word itself. Several attempts also have been tried in order to understand how and w hy affordability problem are existed. These problems have been continuing year by year, it is now becoming the major concern among political leaders, town planners and the government (Hashim, 2010). Due to that rising issues, a precise measures has to be made to ensure all type of household especially those middle income group are able to enjoy and fulfilling their life-long investment and also the need for shelter. The affordability in a narrow concept can also be perceived as related to household incomes, housing cost, housing availability, employment, maintenance of the existing affordable housing stock and the pattern of new construction (Aziz, et, al, 2010). Some measures has been taken in order to give housing assistance to the needy especially to those lower income group and income below median whom were the recipient of social security payments to improve their housing affordability such as Projek Perumahan Rakyat Termiskin or PPRT. However, there were an increasing issues r ising among middle income group whom were not included under the housing assistance provided by the government. They were left alone without assistance and they have to make hard choice either to live in or stay in a house affordable with their income but way too far from their office and they have to bear higher transportation cost or living in a house near town and pay higher rent or high housing price. Therefore, as the result they have to bear with 2 kind of difficulties here that involve high housing cost or high transportation cost. These spiralling housing issues especially happens in major cities has caused the unaffordability to own a house for middle income class group. Affordability problems can be viewed as operating at different levels, ranging from narrower direct experience of severe problem of poverty and homelessness, through an intermediate level of risk, to a broader problem of access to market (Aziz, et, al, 2010). The best meaning of affordable housing would be well defined as housing that was intended to meet the need of those group of people who earned income that are not sufficient to allow them to access appropriate housing market without any assistance. A complete definition of affordability of housing for middle income group were made by DR Wan Nor Azriyati Wan Abd Aziz, et, al through their research saying that the housing with payment no greater than 33% of their gross household income. Finding an affordable house has been the current major concern especially those who live in most major cities or town in Malaysia where many of them are having difficulties are having trouble to buy a house. With new exploding centres such as new townships, commercial hubs, industrial parks and office complexes result in increased number in working population. And with that increase in population in major cities and town areas, the shortage of affordable housing is now becoming more acute. Continuous efforts also has been done to ensure that Malaysi an of all income levels will have the opportunity to have access to adequate, quality, and affordable homes, particularly for the lower income group (Ninth Plan 2020, 2006-2010). However, those who are not included in low income group are having difficulties in having one just like we discover in the Kuala lumpur Structure Plan 2020 (CHKL, 2004) that does not include low medium/ medium cost housing category in the projection of houses unit to be built by year 2020. Although we realize that government has undertaken many housing plan to help middle income household group, but, specific policies has not yet been clearly stated. Only a little assistance and focus is done to attend the needs of middle income group. That is why those group were still facing their hard times searching for a house that suit with their household income here in Malaysia. 2.4 Housing Prices The housing price at several states in Malaysia has experienced a major expansion for the past seventeen year. According to Hashim (2010), the house pricing that keep on continuing to increase year by year are influenced by location, nations income, cost of capital, stock prices and also the population change. As we grow in the era of globalization, the world has been changing so fast. As the population are increasing, the demand for an affordable price also increased. Since housing is the most basic necessity for people, its increase in price however, would directly give impacts towards the affordability of the nation at large especially in Malaysia nowadays which are in need of more suitable and affordable housing. Increasing housing price for the past few years are making it hard for them to own a house suitable with their household income. Generally, housing price is influenced by region given the geographic size and location of the state in Malaysia. Due to the differences in be tween each states economic disparity, the house price and household income will extremely influenced the level of housing affordability. Aside from that, the need for affordable homes has increased significantly due to Selangors rising population density, which is the highest in Malaysia. The states population growth rate of 3.17% surpasses the national average of 2.17%. It has 5,411,324 of residents. If immigrants were added into account, their population might be almost seven million. This has become a challenge for the state to provide for the peoples needs due to the vast expansion of population, including housing, as they estimated about 1.8 million houses are needed to meet the needs of the people as they approach 2020. According to Hashim (2010), Selangor which indicates among the most developed state in Malaysia have a high housing price as compared to other less developed states like Kelantan. According to him, at the national level, Selangor house price on average is 35% t o 53% higher in between 1995 to 2006. Based on the study made in Selangor, the 480-sqaure feet studio apartment located in the outskirt of town which was located in Seri Kembangan, cost more than RM 230,000 excluding other maintenance charges. This huge hike in price, even though only just a small house has affected local people, especially the middle income household which made up the majority of the population. With the huge cost of housing, many of the low and middle income are forced to purchase their house out-of-town since they are not afford to pay high price in the urban area. As a result, they have to bear other problems which they have to spend more on transportation such as fuel or public transportation cost because it was quite far from their workplace. The reason why the price are keep on increasing is because there is no limitation made by the government to control the housing price since they are only have the power to decide which location for them to build houses. T he housing price is on the responsibility of the developer itself but depending on land price at that time. However, according to State Executive Councillor, Mr Iskandar Samad, they have trying to control the location where the developer wants to build affordable houses for the middle income group. This is how the state government trying to fight back for the particular income group because without the assistance, middle income group will never afford to compete and purchase in buying their own affordable house. 2.5 Insufficient Housing Allocations Housing is one of the basic necessities as shelter for human and the government is enthusiastic in ensuring the public would have a better access towards a better and affordable housing provision. Generally, houses supplied by the private sector have been sufficient for the high-income group. However, the house allocations for the needy group of middle income are still insufficient to meet the high demand of the ever growing population. The insufficient in allocation for this particular group would be caused by 2 factors, which are the issue of land provision by government and the refusal for the developer to build affordable house in the centre of the city (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). The government has all time, put the highest priority to give benefits to the public in which to build in mixed development, rather than building affordable house for them in the outskirts of town. However, with the inadequate land allocated for the housing to build by the developer, the need to build more houses for the middle income cannot be made into reality. There is not enough land left to build affordable house in the cities. This is because, according to the building laws, the  state only has the powers to compel a developer  to build low-cost and medium-cost housing if the  plot of land earmarked for development measures  10 acres or more (Free Malaysia Today, 2011). According to the law, developers will have to  allocate 20 % for low cost housing, another  20 % for low to medium, 10 % for  medium housing and the other 50 % for  others. However, affordable housing is still being built outside town due to the inadequate and unavailability of land bigger than 10 acres there. According to Jabatan Perumahan Negara (2011), with five acres of land in the city, building low  or medium-cost housing would mean a loss for  developers and in turn purchasers will suffer because  contractors will be told to use substandard  materials to cut costs. If they were to follow what the government suggest, which is by selling house at a lower and affordable rate but with high cost in constructing it, developers will end up making losses and stop building house in the cities. With this major issue, the state also worried that developer might end up using cheaper materials and probably hiring unskilful worker to prevent them from making losses. Thus, the housing construction does not meeting the accurate requirement made by the government and public would be suffered from buying a house with no quality and they would have to buy or lease house far from their workplace. Thus, these insufficient allocations of affordable housing for middle income household in the cities can be considered as a major issues nowadays and have to be solved by government to uphold and to assist this group to have better access to a spacious, comfortable, yet affordable housing according to their income level. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD 3.0 Introduction In this part of research method, it consist of a report that explains all the procedures followed in the process of gathering data necessary for the analysis to meet our research objectives. Besides that, research method also tells the researcher how the study was carried out and also determines the outcomes of the study. 3.1 Research Design. Our study was gather information that done to examine the problem faced by the middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The best approach to gather data directly for this study is by selecting randomly people especially the household lives in the busy city of Shah Alam. In this research, the questionnaires have been used in gathering the data related. We have decided to distribute the questionnaires to our respondents personally in our research since it helps and enable us to get more reliable and accurate information. The purpose of this study is hypothesis testing. We want determine what is the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. Other than that, we also use and add-on secondary data in our research to make it more complete in order to gather information such as journal, internet source and newspaper article. 3.2 Unit of Analysis As this study wanted to identify the reason or problem of difficulty faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam, thus, Unit of analysis refers to the respondent of this study. In the research, the unit of analysis consists of those people lives in Shah Alam and among working people. In our research area, we will aim for target respondents at Shah Alam especially in Seksyen 2 and 7. 3.3 Sample Size Sample size is defined as the number of elements to be included in the study (Malhotra, 1999). In determining the sample size for our study, we have calculated the number of observation by referring to table formulated by Sudman (1970). Given the whole population, the suggested sample size was approximately 150. However the actual sample that was collected ended up with amounted to only 100 usable responses. Thus, the sample size of our research study is 100 amounted to persons. The reason why we did this by choosing only 100 respondents is because the end result will be more accurate, easy to monitor and to make it easier for researcher to do their job. In this research, we distributed 100 questionnaires to the household in Shah Alam area randomly especially in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. These 100 respondents had represented the household to answer the question from the researcher. We, as the researcher are going to distribute the questionnaires at the area of our target group which i s in Shah Alam. 3.4 Sampling Techniques. Sampling refers to the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population. Therefore, a study of the sample and understanding of its properties of characteristics is done and would make it possible for researchers to generalize such characteristics to the population elements (Sekaran, 2004). Then, after we successfully get to identify the target population, the appropriate sampling will be selected. The sampling technique that we, as the researchers will use in this research is called convenience sampling technique. Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Convenience sampling was used when true random sampling is essential. This is where the researcher approach and ask questions to anyone who is available. This method is quick and cheap. The convenience sampling is also known as unrestricted probability sampling which refers to anyone and equal chance of being selected as a subject. We have already decided to distribute 100 questionnaires to the household lives in Shah Alam especially those who lives in Seksyen 2 and Seksyen 7. In the forms of research, it would be ideal to test the entire population, but in this case, the population is too large to include every individual. This is the reason why we rely on sampling technique like convenience sampling, the most common of all technique. 3.5 Measurement / Instrumentation The research instrument that was used in this study for the primary data is done by using questionnaire. The questionnaire was written in both languages which are English and Bahasa Malaysia and was used in order to get the related data regarding the problem faced by middle income group to own a house in Shah Alam. The questionnaire has been given to the selected respondent and they answered the questionnaire personally. The questions were divided into five sections which are Section A: Respondent Profile, Section B: categorization of middle income group, Section C: household preferences, Section D: existing house, Section E: problem of difficulty to own a house, and the last section is Section F: affordability issues. The rationale in designing these questions was to explore views and perceptions of middle income group households towards current affordability and to determine the accessibility of the group to affordable housing. Table 3.1: Measurement / Instrumentation No Objectives Concepts/construct Measurement 1 To determine the significance relationship between house price and household affordability. Employee performance is the job related activities expected of a worker and how well those activities were executed (businessdictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 2 To determine the significance relationship between housing allocation and household affordability. Counter layout is an arrangement or a plan, especially the schematic arrangement of parts or areas. (fredictionary, 2012). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3 To determine the significance relationship between attitude of household buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 4. To determine the significance relationship between house location buyer and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 5. To determine the significance relationship between household income and household affordability. Services quality can be defined as the consumers judgment about an entitys overall excellent or superiority (Zeithaml, 1987, Garvin, 1983 Hjorth Anderson, 1994) define services quality as a form of attitude, related but not equivalent to satisfaction, and results from a comparison of expectations with perceptions of performance. Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 6. To determine the most significant problems that contributes to the level of household affordability towards household lives in Shah Alam. Customer satisfaction can be defined as a state of mind in which the customers needs, wants, and expectations throughout the product of service life haven been met or exceeded, resulting in future repurchase and loyalty (Anton, 1996). Likert Scale 1-Strongly Disagree 2-Disagree 3-Neutral 4- Agree 5-Strongly Agree 3.6 Data Collection In this study, there are numerous and varieties source of data that can help in gathering suitable information. Some of these methods depend on the methodology and the theoretical assumptions used inthe research. There a trend for researcher to collect hard objective numbers for example primary data and secondary data. 3.6.1 Primary Data Primary data are data gathered and assembled specially for the research project hand. Usually primary data was collected by the researcher. The method that will be used under primary data is questionnare. This data is collected when secondary data is not sufficient and depends largely on the research objectives and varies from one problem to another. For this study, the primary data will be obtained through qustionnaires given to the target respondents. A questionnaire will distribute to the respondents such as the household lives in Shah Alam, Selangor. After they have answered the entire question, it will be collected and the data will go through several process. The data that have been collected will be sorted, coded, entry, testing, presenting and lastly the data will be analyzed. The data for this survey can be use as information in making research. A part from that, we also will be doing direct interview with the person related and have a major knowledge in the housing arena to get more reliable knowledge regarding affordability of housing in Shah Alam. 3.6.2 Secondary Data Secondary data or historical data are data previously collected and assembled for some project other than one at hand. Its gathered and recorded by someone else prior to the current needs of the researcher. Its quickly and cheaply. The method that we used under secondary data was article and journal. The information that gathered from these resources which can be online searching such as Official website of Kementerian Perumahan Kerajaan Tempatan, New Straits Times, The Malay Mail, Berita Harian, Utusan Malaysia and so on. It helps the reserachers to get information and data while doing this study. Another type is from online searching through internet that will provide a lots of information from journals, annual reports, thesis, previous reseacrh and etc. It is more economical and simple for the researcher to conduct her research. 3.7 Data analysis For this study, we used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 version software to analyze data. SPSS is a computer program used for statistical analysis. Most of the researcher use SPSS software as a tool to analyze the data. In this research report, the researcher transform the raw data that we obtained from the questionaire into SPSS. Then, the researcher proceed to discuss the result of the analysis and interpretation. For this study, methods used are reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Reli

Pushing the Gender Boundaries in Sports :: Expository Essays

Pushing the Gender Boundaries in Sports When women and men participate in sports dominated by the opposite gender there is often overwhelming objection to individuals defying the norm. Often women are the people who attempt to participate in so called non-traditional sports. But just as importantly, men are struggling against a similar resistance. An example of this is when men participate on field hockey teams dominated by women, creating positive and negative implications to the game and also socially. However, individuals who make the move across gender boundaries in any sport are helping pave the way for equality in a sector of our society that is still bound to traditional sex roles. Historically field hockey was introduced in the United States to women. However, the game that originated in Europe and is played virtually all over the world is also played by men. The anomaly of only women playing field hockey is just an issue in the US and has lead to the recent controversy of men participating on all female teams from elementary school to the college level. Although title IX requires that equal opportunity for participating in sports be given to both males and females, the debate on the costs and benefits of this statute is still heated. Those who oppose men participating in field hockey claim that their presence on the field will change the nature of the "women's" game. The greater strength of men could make the game more aggressive or even violent, and potentially overpower the female athletes who are participating along their side. There has been a valid and long-standing claim, stating that female participation in sports provides an arena where girls and women can become empowered and gain confidence to face life's battles. Many people see men as a threat to this value suggesting that a mans presence on the field could intimidate the women, thereby dominating the game, and taking away a safe place for girls to grow and find their own strengths. Another argument in opposition to men participating in field hockey, as well as other female dominated sports is aligned with the idea of equality. It is suggested that despite title IX, females have yet to gain gender equality and are still not given the benefits that their male counterparts receive. Therefore, male participation in the traditionally female sports would be giving men opportunities that women are still fighting for.

Reasons for Devotion to Hindu Goddesses

Reasons for devotion to Hindu goddesses Hinduism portrays feminine divinity in a more exalted way than most other religions do. Though Hindu goddesses are usually depicted as consorts, wives or companions to a Hindu god, cases exist in which they are worshipped independently; Tantrism for example, where it is believed that women posses more spiritual power than men, thus men can achieve divinity through union with a woman (â€Å"Tantrism†).Most villages reinforce the mother aspect of goddesses and worship them individually as their protector, regarding them as having originated in the area and thus being tied to the health and prosperity of the village (Caldwell). Others who may devote themselves to a goddess might be in order to conquer or flourish in a particular area, like how someone who wishes to achieve higher wisdom would praise Sarasvati, goddess associated with learning. Many scholars question the origins of goddess worship, and it is argued that they most probably em erged in the Indus Valley civilization (2500-1500 B. C.E). The civilization, relying mainly on agriculture, likely worshipped female earth deities that represented fertility, regeneration, life and death, to aid in their harvests (Erndl 19). Scenes depicted in their seals also pointed to the fact that the Indus Valley people were perhaps â€Å"goddess-revering† (McDermott 3608). Some people have raised the point of feminism as a notion of commitment to a Hindu goddess, as goddesses that appear strong and independent exist in Hinduism, which is virtually unseen in other prominent religions. A popular question is then raised, â€Å"Is the Goddess a Feminist? Rita Gross acknowledges the difficulty of a concrete answer to the question, and responds with an ‘It depends’. She proposes that the answer lies in the definition of feminist that the person might have, and how the Goddess’s devotees are. The idea is simple enough; if the believer is feminist, then the y will worship their goddess as if they were feminist as well. If the believer is not feminist, then they will worship their goddess as if they were not feminist. She states that â€Å". . . gods and goddesses are created by devotees . . . † (104).Gross’s statement rings true, especially when we examine much of the confusion shrouding Kali. Kali is almost always depicted as having black skin, a near naked body, long, disheveled hair and a long, lolling tongue. She wears ghastly adornments like a necklace made from human heads, and her fangs are long and usually dripping with blood. Her illustrations are mainly intimidating, making her appear wild and uncontrollable nearly perpetually. She is, however, a popular deity to worship in Tantrism, and is revered as the highest deity, above Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.Millions regard her as Mother, and aspire to overcome the fear of death through confrontation. Kali’s origins are believed to have their roots in South Asia, where she was apparently worshipped through rituals and blood sacrifices. O’Flaherty distinguishes a figure, a demoness, in early Sanskrit literature called Long-Tongue, who he points to conceivably being a more ancient form of Kali. The first time the name Kali appears in texts is in Mundaka Upanisad, however, not as a goddess but as a tonguelike flame of sacrificial fire.The first mention of a goddess with the same name is in the Mahabharata, who appears in the dreams of warriors to give them a warning of death. However, it is through her later appearances in the Devimahatmya that Kali is brought closer into Hindu religion (Kripal 156). She is said to have sprouted when Durga, angered by the asuras who pointed their weapons at her, turned into an inky black color on her forehead and summons Kali. Kali then proceeds to kill all the asuras in a frenzied manner, later offering the heads of their leaders Chanda and Munda to Durga.Her second appearance is in the follow chapter, where she battles Raktabija, and assures success by sucking all of his blood so he could not reproduce anymore, per Durga’s command, while she slayed him (â€Å"Devimahatmya† ch. 7-8). Another myth ties Kali with Parvati, telling of an army of demons that threatens the safety of the world. Men cannot slay them, and so Shiva calls for his wife to aid them in battle. Parvati accepts the responsibility, swallowing the poison stored in Shiva’s throat and morphing into Kali.However, she becomes too drunk with the poison and, after defeating all the demons, threatens to destroy the world herself with her berserk dance. In an attempt to subdue his wife, Shiva then lays on the floor in front of Kali, who in her delirious state does not notice his presence and steps on him. Shamed that she had showed such disgraceful behavior, she bites her tongue in humiliation. The last scene of the above tale is illustrated in a lot of imagery, and while the tale itself has a lot of variations, many Hindus will arrive at the same resolution.It is in this perception that many contradictions lie. Another question rises, â€Å"What does Kali’s tongue-biting really mean? † Most Hindus will claim that it is to show shame, which is what the action means in Bengali culture, however the meaning behind the action might seem unlikely since Kali, who was previously interpreted as always being wild and threatening, that is, sporting qualities that an ‘ideal wife’ should not posses, was suddenly showing a submissive nature, ashamed of having disrespected her husband.From a Tantric view, Kali is mentioned to be standing on Shiva because she is engaging in reversed sexual intercourse with him, and â€Å"delighting in the waves of passion and arousal that flow from such an act. † It is evident that the feeling shame is rather unreasonable given the situation mentioned. Furthermore, a reading from Mishra of the Tantric reading suggests that, as Kali dances around madly, Shiva sleeps on the floor in front of her in an attempt to calm her and, In her blinded anger she did not see him and stepped on his chest.At that moment Siva’s penis became erect and entered Kali. At that instant Kali recognized her husband and pulled out her tongue in ecstasy and her anger disappeared. (Kripal 161) The above poses a wholly different view on the widely-known myth, and while it might not surely accept or reject any view, it inspires doubt on the real occurrence of the tale. Having explained the confusion around Kali’s popular myth and notorious tongue, a common misconception is brought to light which may or may not be the product of ‘believers believing what they want to believe’.Hinduism, having being shaped by a patriarchal society, might have sparked the want to dilute the image of the powerful and popular goddess Kali into one more acceptable for its community. An additional myth, telling of how Shiva defeats Kali in a dance match and succeeds in subduing her, resulting in her being more docile and calmer, doesn’t add up to the rest of the story around them as Kali is more often than not depicted as a wife that constantly provokes and encourages disruptive behavior from her husband (Kinsley 122).However, bringing up another point by Gross, she mentions, But, in the long run, if the goddesses’ devotees are feminists, then the goddesses will either come to be seen as feminists or will be abandoned by their feminist devotees. (104) It is plausible to arrive to the conclusion from the above stated that, if the religion a person follows does not satisfy or reflect their personal beliefs as well, they will abandon it; it is common sense.It should be mentioned as well that Hinduism is, rather than a single religion, a family of religions that are closely related to each other. Therefore, it should be plausible to assume that perhaps, the previously mentioned contradictory myths m ight be a result of this; that is, an effort to try to infuse one’s own beliefs into their religion to make it more acceptable to themselves. Looking and inspecting the gaps and problems in the religion can tell a lot about its believers’ culture and thinking.Having covered Kali’s disorder of facts, one can infer that Hindus probably place great importance in correct conduct of their wives, and the goddesses in their religion serve as a model for Hindu women to follow if they wish to be wed. Examples such as Parvati and Sarasvati can be mentioned, both portrayed as ideal, submissive wives to their partners, serving as counterbalances. Hindu gods and goddesses are sometimes portrayed as equals, and rather than husband and wife, they are shown to be male and female counterparts of the same being.The goddesses are by no means weak and disrespected; they are strong and revered, but their personalities inspire different, subtle ideas into their people. However, the i dea of whether or not something is ‘correct’ or ‘erroneous’ is highly subjective, and while Western feminists might argue on the essentials that a woman must possess in order to be well off, it is not the same for Hindu women who are the target of the religion, and for them the Hindu goddesses provide them a positive model to follow, and with it, psychological comfort which is important (Gross 106).

business studies essays

business studies essays The 1974 Health and Safety Act summarises that it is every employers duty to ensure so far as is reasonably practical, the employees health, safety and welfare at work. It is your employers duty to assess the risks that the employees and none employees are exposed to at work. Because artwork is expressive, when we do think about the practical aspects, we usually focus on how to increase our ability to express our ideas, rather than on how these creative activities might affect our health and safety. In work with media, harmful factors can affect the body in three ways, through ingestion, inhalation or skin contact. Ingestion: Substances, and even small tools, can enter the body if a person is accustomed to eating or drinking while at work. Using kitchen utensils to mix art materials is a dangerous practice, as it is not always possible to remove all traces by simple washing. Not washing hands after working and before eating can allow harmful, material to enter the mouth. Inhalation: Many small substances can be carried into the body through the respiratory tract, and are then absorbed into the lungs. Some of the symptoms are immediate, such as sneezing, coughing, burning, dizziness or headache. Smoking while working can intensify the rate and the effects of inhalation. Skin contact: Some materials can be absorbed through the skin directly, or through cuts or breaks in the skin. A more common occurrence is skin irritation resulting in redness, rash, itching or blisters. Accidents, which can result from unskilled or careless use of sharp tools or power equipment, are a major hazard in the arts and crafts. Prevention includes knowledge of, and skill in the use of sharp tools or power equipment, as well as practicing preventive maintenance. The following list of procedures may help prevent a serious accident. Use goggles to protect eyes from particles and heat. Wear pro...

Levis jeans Essays

Levis jeans Essays Levis jeans Essay Levis jeans Essay He then turns and sits down next to a large man, who wears dull clothes and doesnt stand out like the young man wearing the jeans. The man has an almost disapproving look upon his face. At the very end of the advert the young man who stripped begins to read a newspaper, which is a very everyday act, which is showing how the man doesnt feel like him stripping is anything out of the ordinary, indicating confidence and boldness. The music played throughout this advert is Heard it on the grapevine, which is how gossip is often referred to and suggests that the man is something to gossip about, and somebody that is talked about.  For young people, again they see somebody good looking wearing jeans, and in this advert the man wearing the jeans is admired by others, looks confident and stands out. Many people seeing this would believe that the jeans would make them stand out like that young man and purchase Levis jeans. Beach  Advertisement 74 is set on a beach, showing another good-looking man wearing Levis jeans, and carrying a surfboard. The man removes the jeans then leaves them on the beach. He bends down towards his dog and points at the jeans, as if he is telling the dog to guard the jeans for him. He then walks away with his surfboard.  A typically good-looking woman in a bikini comes along the beach and sees the jeans. She looks for a moment before putting them on. When she attempts to walk away the dog grabs her leg and barks at her. She tries in vain to shake the dog off, but isnt able to before the young man originally wearing the jeans comes back. The man laughs and then they walk away together laughing.  Again this advert shows the man who is wearing the jeans getting the woman. In all the adverts that I have written about so far it has been the man wearing the jeans every time, and usually the man who is admired by the woman. In this advert the woman does put the jeans on, and the man looks at her in an admiring way, but again it is the man wearing the Levis that gets the woman and the woman that is attracted to the man, or to his jeans, showing how the Levis are once again the reason that the man gets the woman. Summary  Many impressionable audiences would believe that buying the jeans would make them instantly attractive, as the people featuring in these advertisements are, and seeing the man in the Levis always getting the girl would be an incentive to many young men to purchase these jeans.  Throughout these adverts the men are all conventionally good-looking, the woman are usually fairly attractive also. They all appear to have confidence, such as the young man who strips in the laundrette. Also others always admire the men that are wearing the Levis for their jeans, and they always get the woman, as opposed to the men who arent wearing Levis which in one advert one such man got his woman taken away. Overall there is the portrayal of people that wear Levis being better looking, admired by others, and being attractive to others. This would convince many people to purchase the jeans.

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL INTERPRETATION Essay

RHETORICAL ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL INTERPRETATION - Essay Example This is a symbolic statement where the tongue that does not settle could be used to symbolize the people who kept hiding from the reality of their native language and as result they would use other languages to communicate even amongst themselves just because they were ashamed of their language and native culture. â€Å"but I could get a whiff of the stench when I gasped† this is a phrase that remind the culture escapists that they would still have the remains of the same culture that they disregarded. After all they would still have their Mexican accent even if they used English. Deep inside they knew they were Chicanos. Another case of symbolism is in the second page of the text where she writes â€Å"our tongues have become dry, the wilderness has dried our tongues and we have forgotten speech† here the wilderness represents the diverse linguistic jungle that the world is and trying to fit it drains you of your language. The writer uses multiple stories to pass the message about how Chicanos are disregarded and also to emphasis on her pride in her true identity. For instance she states that when caught speaking in Mexican while in school she get punished ,†gets three licks on the knuckles with a sharp ruler† and sent to sit at a corner for speaking back at a teacher. Her mother is also not confide about her daughters fluency n communication and keeps reminding her the â€Å"I want you to speak English’ since she had the Mexican accent even when she spoke

Corporate risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Corporate risk management - Essay Example If the quantum of investment is significant and depending on the size of the firm, sizeable enough to affect future earnings in a way that negatively affects the firm, then it is more preferable to go for risk transfer. Conversely, if the investment is not of a quantum that can affect the firm negatively it is better to go for risk retention. 2) Risk Transfer: Risk transfer, also known as Risk sharing is in many ways the complete opposite strategy of Risk retention. The principle of Risk transfer is the underlying tenet behind most insurance transactions. Risk transfer generally involves the shifting of risk to another party, most usually by means of insurance or through warranty. This method assumes the longevity of the third party and the ability of the insurer to maintain business continuity. Cash Flow Regularity: One of the biggest risks associated with investment decisions, particularly in light of whether or not to transfer risk or not, or to whether just bear with the uncertainty is how regular or irregular the earnings of that particular investment decision are. It follows then that the more irregular or uncertain the earnings of a particular investment decision are, the more likely a firm is to increase its security or safety in regards to that investment or that line of cash flows. Hence, the greater irregularity is seen in cash flows, or the higher risk factor involved, the more likely a firm is to transfer risk either via Insurance or Warranty. 3) Risk Avoidance: Risk avoidance, on the spectrum of Risk management activities is on one end of the spectrum, wherein the company decides to altogether excuse itself from all possibility of risk. Although this strategy is often considered the safest form of risk management it also entails the loss of any potential revenue that could have been gained from the investment, therefore while it is the safest strategy it