Sunday, December 29, 2019

Women During The 19th Century - 845 Words

At the start of the new world, the ratio of men to women was 3:1. The population was largely made up of bachelors for the first years. Women in the 17th Century were considered completely inferior to men in almost all ways possible. The social customs and legal codes ensured that the majority of women in these colonies were unable to vote, preach, hold political office, attend public schools or colleges, start lawsuits, make contracts or own property (Shi Tindall, 2013, Pg. 111). Women of the 17th Century had extremely restricted roles within their religion. Typical work duties of women during this time period involved mundane activities around the house, gardening, and yard work. These very confined gender roles for women were challenging to overcome during the colonial period. It is even thought by many historians that the traditional roles assigned to females, gave birth to the witch craft hysteria, because of the women who chose to act outside of their predesigned roles. (Shi Tin dall, 2013, Pg.138) Most colonists in the new world had deeply rooted conceptions about women and how they should conduct themselves, as well as the duties that they should carry out. They believed that women were weak creatures not endowed with strength and constancy of the mind. The prescribed role of women was to obey and serve their husband, nurture their children, and endure taxing labor required to maintain their household. Governor John Winthrop, of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, duringShow MoreRelatedWomen During The 19th Century1350 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women play different roles in society. In the beginning of the 19th century, the gap between males and females was much larger than it is now. Back then men and women were usually assumed to have certain occupations. For example, in the 1950s women were â€Å"supposed† to become housewives and stay at home all day cleaning, cooking, or taking care of their children (Parry 1584). Men on the other hand, were sus pected to go out and work all day doing whatever occupation they held. Due to the mediaRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1596 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican literature. The first writings of 16th century America contained little reference to women at all. In the early 19th century, women play somewhat larger roles but remain only in supporting roles until later in the century when a shift takes place and women now hold leading roles as the heroines of stories. Not only does the character’s role change, but also beginning in the 1800s, a continual shift occurs in the portrayal of women. Initially, women were portrayed as members of society who servedRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1171 Words   |  5 PagesConstantly throughout history women have had different roles in society from men. Women were thought of as the caregivers and were expected to stay at home, while men were hunters and worked in the business world. The position of women in America as drastically ch anged, especially when noting the evolution of women in the 17th century to women in the 19th century. Women in colonial america were expected to stay at home, but this changed when the Republican Mother, a strong figure that became empoweredRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century Essay1787 Words   |  8 PagesWomen during the 19th and 20th century did not live like how women lived nowadays, especially African-American women. Three women are excellent examples of this, although one woman is fictional, their experiences and attitudes somehow coincide with each other. Two out of the three were slaves for several decades of their lives and were able to obtain their freedom before the occurrence of the Civil War. While the third woman was never a slave during her life, she was raised by her grandmotherRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto nurture and take care or create a family. Likewise, there were no spaces created for educating the woman but many wo men and families disagreed with this. As a result, the formation of schools for girls emerged but they only educated women in the socially acceptable occupation of teaching and in the 19th century, only unmarried women could be teachers. Another challenge for women advancing in higher education is the physiological inferiority placed upon them by the male dominated society. ManyRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1111 Words   |  5 PagesBack in the 19th century, women were nothing more than maids and caretakers. Breaking their limitations was not a factor in their everyday lives. However Dorothea Dix had other beliefs. She believed that women could do more if they were as independent as their opposite sex. She perceived the idea that women could do so much more than just cleaning and cooking. With her powerful beliefs as her shield, Dix battled in the path to improved institutions as a humanitarian. She explored and encounteredRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough corsets at this time led to broken bones and a death in 1665 (Olsen 74), this garment was worn throughout the 18th century. During this period, Turkish harem women wore clothes most similar to ours. They wore cloaks over their chemise and loose trousers while also being veiled (Olsen 59). This era marked conservatism in women’s clothes. During the first-wave movement, fashion did not become dynamic until the 1900s. In 1851, dress reformers tried to popularize a pair of baggy pants beneathRead MoreWomen Struggles During The 19th Century923 Words   |  4 PagesENG 251- 02 25 September 2014 Women Struggles in the 19th Century Since the beginning of time women have struggled to prove themselves to society so that people understand they are just as good as men. However, society has made a mockery of women for years. Using women for sex appeal and for personal gains. Women were those who stayed home cleaning, took care of the children, and prepared meals for the family. This sounds quite familiar with today’s society, but women today aren’t only limited toRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The 19th Century782 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Then and Now The role of women have changed drastically throughout history. Women have had the opportunity to change their lives and live in their light and not the shadows of men. Between 1800 and 2000, women and young ladies have been treated completely different, however, there are similarities in the way women have been brought up. Married women in the 19th century (1800), were thought to be dependent of men, Some men even compared them to children. Young ladies learned to be a goodRead MoreWomen s Rights During The 19th Century1507 Words   |  7 PagesIn The 19th Century The 19th century was an important period for women especially in Europe and North America. It was a crucial time for demand for change and women were at the forefront of it all. Viewed only as a homemaker, women found it difficult during this time to show society what they were capable of. Limitations on their capabilities created by gender stereotypes called for change. To understand the significance of the 19th century for women, one must consider the conditions women were living

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’t tired. It’s most popular usage I noticed in fellow college students is energy drinks, sodas and even medication, whether they be over the counter or given by a doctor. Caffeine is used as an artificial energy, when are bodies are prepared to shut down and sleep, a pill can be popped or an energy drink can be had to get the pick me up feeling that many students take to get an assignment done or to study for finals. Caffeine can cause sleep loss when abused. Although there are people, such as myself, who can have a large intake of caffeine and feel fine face many dangers of caffeine abuse and even overdose. Overdosing can cause many health issues such as irregular heartbeat and seizures. There are people who are very sensitive to caffeine intake and they are advised to stay away from taking too much and they have to very carefully watch their diet. The symptoms of caffeine overdose includes: dizziness, insomnia, fever and irritability. The symptoms of a more severe and dangerous overdose includes: trouble breathing, hallucinations, and uncontrollable muscle movements. InShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System3576 Words   |  15 PagesMethods Introduction Caffeine is a plant alkaloid found in many different products. (Archna 2008) Caffeine is categorized as a drug that stimulates the central nervous system and aids in mobilizing free fatty acids which increases the use of fats as an energy source. (Desbrow 2007) This substance when consumed is distributed in intracellular fluid after crossing the blood-brain barrier. This results in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and smooth and skeletal muscle tissuesRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System1643 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine is an alkaloid discovered in 1819 by Friedlieb Runge and a German baron known as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’tRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System799 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Also called psychostimulants,drugs that produced increased levels of mental and physical energy and alterness and an elevated mood by stimulating the central nervous system† It is the most regularly utilized stimulant as a part of United States.found in coffee,tea,soft drinks,chocolate, and medications including torment relievers.caffeine has a place with a group of medications called methylxanthines. Coffee is a beverage produced using Coffee beans, which are the simmered apples and oranges ofRead MoreHow Does Caffeine Affect Our Body?1040 Words   |  5 PagesHow does caffeine affect our body? Caffeine is the most common thing in those kinds of beverages, such as Coca-Cola, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, coffee, etc. Drink too much will affect our body. It will cheer you up, but somehow still will destroy your body. Addicted to caffeine may cause blood glucose, Insulin Resistance and Muscle, Skeletal disease. Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound, but also a central nervous system stimulant, and can be very beneficial to human health if ingested, appropriatelyRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration. Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and have similar structures.Read MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Consumption Of Caffeine1511 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine, a popularly consumed central nervous system stimulant is consumed on a day to day basis around the globe.  Caffeine can be ingested into the body by either eating it or drinking it. Caffeine comes in forms of many processed foods such as coffee, chocolate bars, candy, sodas, and energy drinks as well as tea. For example millions of people all around the world consume coffee on a daily basis.  Due to the large consumption of caffeine, both the negative and positive side effects of consumingRead MoreThe World s Most Favorite Drink Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesin the everyday human life. Coffee is use every day by 83% adults in the United States. Coffee sales are increasing 20% revenue per year and account for nearly 8% of the 18 billion dollars in the United States coffee market. Despite the many side effects of coffee on the human body, it doesn’t affect its consumption. The older an adult become, especially from age 18 – 39 due to load of work to do. Many Americans rely on coffee instead of healthy habits for daily productivity. Modernly, due to theRead MoreThe Effects of Caffeine on Daphnia827 Words   |  3 PagesThis experiment is to see The Affe ct of Caffeine on Daphnia. Daphnia is also known as a water flea. It is a distant relative of crabs and shrimps. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) Daphnia have a hard external skeleton with jointed appendages and limbs. The head contains a large central eye which is made of two eyes joined together. Daphnia has two pairs of antennae which are used for swimming. Each daphnia has five pairs of limbs. These limbs lie in a certain space under the body bounded by the carapaceRead MoreThe Heart Rate Experiment At The Anatomy And Physiology 202 Laboratory Course934 Words   |  4 Pagescoffee. The effects of caffeine contained in the coffee were examined and it was noted that those who drink coffee have lower heart rates before, during, and after times of examination. These findings suggested that the hypothesis proposed prior to research, Females Who Drink Coffee Have a Higher Heart Rate Prior to Exams, was an incorrect statement. Keywords: heart rate, female, coffee drinkers, non-coffee drinkers, hypothesis. Effect of Caffeine on Heart RateRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine By: Latasha Betsoi 7B †¢ What are the risks of mixing caffeine and alcohol? ‘’When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous system The Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System Marla Simmons Research Proposal Research Methods Introduction Caffeine is a plant alkaloid found in many different products. (Archna 2008) Caffeine is categorized as a drug that stimulates the central nervous system and aids in mobilizing free fatty acids which increases the use of fats as an energy source. (Desbrow 2007) This substance when consumed is distributed in intracellular fluid after crossing the blood-brain barrier. This results in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and smooth and skeletal muscle tissues being affected (Desbrow 2007). Tea, coffee, chocolate, soda, energy drinks, and pharmaceutical products, are just a few of the many products that contain caffeine. Caffeine has many different uses that range from being a food additive or medicinal use. Besides its everyday use by many Americans as apart of their morning ritual it is commonly used as an ergogenic aid in athletics. When asked to name different substances that aid athletic performance many people would respond steroids, or other drugs that are prevalent in the world of athletics. Many people simple overlook caffeine as an ergogenic aid. There are thousands of studies that have been done researching the ergogenic effects of caffeine in athletic performance. There are positive benefits to caffeine use as well as negative effects of caffeine use. Literature Review There are a numerous amount of studies both good and bad that have been conducted on theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System1627 Words   |  7 PagesJohann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’t tired. It’s most popular usage I noticed in fellow college students is energy drinks, sodasRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System1643 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine is an alkaloid discovered in 1819 by Friedlieb Runge and a German baron known as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Caffeine is a crystalline compound that is found in tea and coffee plants and is a stimulant of the central nervous system. It is a bitter alkaloid C8H10N4O2 also found in cacao and kola nuts and is used as a stimulant. Caffeine is a stimulant used to make us feel as though we’re awake. Caffeine actually doesn’t give us energy at all, it just tricks our brain into thinking we aren’tRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Central Nervous System799 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Also called psychostimulants,drugs that produced increased levels of mental and physical energy and alterness and an elevated mood by stimulating the central nervous system† It is the most regularly utilized stimulant as a part of United States.found in coffee,tea,soft drinks,chocolate, and medications including torment relievers.caffeine has a place with a group of medications called methylxanthines. Coffee is a beverage produced using Coffee beans, which are the simmered apples and oranges ofRead MoreHow Does Caffeine Affect Our Body?1040 Words   |  5 PagesHow does caffeine affect our body? Caffeine is the most common thing in those kinds of beverages, such as Coca-Cola, Mountain Dew, Gatorade, coffee, etc. Drink too much will affect our body. It will cheer you up, but somehow still will destroy your body. Addicted to caffeine may cause blood glucose, Insulin Resistance and Muscle, Skeletal disease. Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound, but also a central nervous system stimulant, and can be very beneficial to human health if ingested, appropriatelyRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesimprove your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration. Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and have similar structures.Read MoreEffects Of Caffeine On The Consumption Of Caffeine1511 Words   |  7 PagesCaffeine, a popularly consumed central nervous system stimulant is consumed on a day to day basis around the globe.  Caffeine can be ingested into the body by either eating it or drinking it. Caffeine comes in forms of many processed foods such as coffee, chocolate bars, candy, sodas, and energy drinks as well as tea. For example millions of people all around the world consume coffee on a daily basis.  Due to the large consumption of caffeine, both the negative and positive side effects of consumingRead MoreThe World s Most Favorite Drink Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesin the everyday human life. Coffee is use every day by 83% adults in the United States. Coffee sales are increasing 20% revenue per year and account for nearly 8% of the 18 billion dollars in the United States coffee market. Despite the many side effects of coffee on the human body, it doesn’t affect its consumption. The older an adult become, especially from age 18 – 39 due to load of work to do. Many Americans rely on coffee instead of healthy habits for daily productivity. Modernly, due to theRead MoreThe Effects of Caffeine on Daphnia827 Words   |  3 PagesThis experiment is to see The Affe ct of Caffeine on Daphnia. Daphnia is also known as a water flea. It is a distant relative of crabs and shrimps. (Marshall Cavendish, 2002) Daphnia have a hard external skeleton with jointed appendages and limbs. The head contains a large central eye which is made of two eyes joined together. Daphnia has two pairs of antennae which are used for swimming. Each daphnia has five pairs of limbs. These limbs lie in a certain space under the body bounded by the carapaceRead MoreThe Heart Rate Experiment At The Anatomy And Physiology 202 Laboratory Course934 Words   |  4 Pagescoffee. The effects of caffeine contained in the coffee were examined and it was noted that those who drink coffee have lower heart rates before, during, and after times of examination. These findings suggested that the hypothesis proposed prior to research, Females Who Drink Coffee Have a Higher Heart Rate Prior to Exams, was an incorrect statement. Keywords: heart rate, female, coffee drinkers, non-coffee drinkers, hypothesis. Effect of Caffeine on Heart RateRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 PagesCaffeine By: Latasha Betsoi 7B †¢ What are the risks of mixing caffeine and alcohol? ‘’When alcohol is mixed with caffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous system

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Collapse Vulnerability and Fragility Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Collapse Vulnerability and Fragility Analysis. Answer: Introduction: This project proposal is mainly based on strengthening and repair of concrete column using CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer). CFRP generally includes different variations of carbon polymer made of different proportions of other strengthening materials to develop fiber-reinforced plastic. This type of material provides high strength-to-weight ratio and hence, they can be used to build materials that should be light in weight but rigid and strong (e.g. tail of radio controlled helicopter) (Jain, Chellapandian and Prakash 2017). The CFRP material is becoming more and more popular as it is also environment friendly and relatively cheaper than other alternative materials. CFRP finds uses in various fields that include aeronautical engineering, automotive engineering, civil engineering, sports goods and others. However, the focus of this paper is entirely on civil engineering and hence, an application of CFRP will be discussed within the field of civil engineering. CFRP is generally used as one of the most important components for repair and strengthening of concrete columns in civil engineering. The main advantage is that due to the use of CFRP, the concrete column has lesser weight than normal columns without CFRP but the strength and rigidity increases considerably. This paper is based on the analysis of CFRP in the strengthening concrete column as well as a proposal for experimental analysis of the same. The most recent report by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352 (ACI 352R-02) states that joints in structures worked in front of the improvement of current design rules must be learned to find and analyze the characteristics and uses of the FRP materials in repair and strengthening of concrete structures. As indicated by Fakharifar et al. (2015), preceding the development of new strengthening plans, it is critical that the other strategies for repair and strengthening of concrete structures should be known. Every strategy for repair or strengthening is analyzed on its application points of interest, required work, cluster of relevance, and execution. Relative advantages and disadvantages of each method should be analyzed in order to choose the best technique or method. These techniques analyzed are as follows: 1) epoxy repair; 2) expulsion and substitution; 3) concrete jacketing; 4) concrete stone work unit jacketing; 5) steel jacketing and expansion of outer steel components; and 6) strengt hening with fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composite applications. Parvin and Brighton (2014) said that usage of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials for strengthening and repair of basic individuals is turning into an inexorably well known range of research and application inside the most recent decade. Be that as it may, the technique is yet to wind up standard application due to number of efficient and design related issues. From a basic mechanics point of view, a fundamental concern concerning the adequacy and safety of this strategy might be the capability of fragile debonding failures. Such failures, unless sufficiently considered in the design procedure, may altogether diminish the power of the strengthening or repair application. As of late, there is a centralization of research endeavors on portrayal and displaying of debonding failures. FRP composite materials have seen a consistent increment of utilized as a part of auxiliary strengthening and repair applications around the world inside the most recent decade (Singh et al. 2 014). High firmness to-weight and quality to-weight proportions of those materials consolidated utilizing their predominant natural durability have made them a contending other option to the regular strengthening and repair materials. Nearby and government offices stood up to with the undertaking of monetarily updating the regularly expanding number of maturing and substandard structures have put resources into this district prompting various research studies and applications. It has been appeared through trial and hypothetical examinations that remotely reinforced FRP composites might be utilized to support the coveted execution of an auxiliary part such as its load conveying limit and solidness, malleability, execution under cyclic and fatigue loading and ecological durability (Yang et al. 2015). However, the methodology is yet to end up standard application as a result of number of sparing and design related issues. Paultre et al. (2015) said that as of the last few years, outside FRP frameworks are getting popular in construction industry in spite of just restricted exploratory research information on the seismic reaction of FRP-wrapped examples. The objective of the current research is to learn the power of CFRP and GFRP to fortify reinforced concrete columns, put through virtually recreated seismic tremor loading, utilizing both redesign and repair procedures. This research is a component of a broad examination to identify and analyze the aftereffect s of imprisonment support on the seismic conduct of roundabout and square concrete columns. Correlations may likewise be made between the strength of CFRP and of transverse steel to supply seismic protection. Research Question This research study is mainly based on the analysis of the properties of CFRP and its applicability in strengthening and repairing of concrete column. Hence, the research questions for the proposal can be defined as follows. How can CFRP be used for strengthening of concrete pillars? What are the properties and characteristics of CFRP? What are the advantages of CFRP over other strengthening materials? In order to conduct this research, it is extremely important to determine the characteristics, composition and properties of CFRP. Moreover, it is important to determine the properties of CFRP in order to compare it with other similar alternative materials. This comparison will help to determine its advantages over others. Hence, the above research questions must be addressed accordingly. In this proposed research project, concrete structures have been repaired using weight implantation of epoxy; another strategy for epoxy repair is vacuum impregnation. For vacuum impregnation, epoxy narrows ports were arranged in the base of each beam and at the base of the column repair range. Researchers consider the quality of both epoxy techniques to repair two one-route inside joints that were respectably hurt due to insufficient breakwater of tireless beam bars. The vacuum was associated through three hoses joined at the most astounding purpose of the repair range in the column. Extraordinary physical bond breaking down in the repaired joints occurred just a single half-cycle sooner than expected. Both repair techniques were successful in restoring over 85% of the strength, quality, and imperativeness scattering properties of the fundamental cases. The standard conclusion was that vacuum impregnation shows a compelling technique for repairing significant parts of damage instant ly and that it could be balanced for joints with less open sides. Research Methodology This research is mainly based on literature review and experimental analysis. In the literature review, sufficient data has been collected regarding the use of CFRP for strengthening and repair of concrete columns. This data has been used to prepare the theoretical basis and research hypothesis that will be further applied in the experimental analysis of the topic. The sources of the literature review include literary works and research papers of reputed researchers as well as some data from organizations that have successfully implemented the use of CFRP in concrete columns for strengthening purposes. The execution of beam-column joints has for a very long time been perceived as a noteworthy factor that influences the whole process of reinforced concrete (RC) confined structures subjected to extensive parallel burdens. Buildings developed before 1976 may have critical lacks in the joint areas. The principal design rules for strengthened concrete beam-column joints were distributed in 1976 in the U.S. (ACI 352R-761) and in 1982 in New Zealand (NZS 3101:19822) (Triantafillou et al. 2016). Particularly considering that the Mexico earthquake of 1985, a lot of research has been committed in order to identify the basic subtle elements of non-seismically designed buildings and also to creating sorts of strengthening. The vast majority of the repair and strengthening plans proposed to date, in any case, utilize a constrained cluster of materialness either because of insufficient thought of floor individuals or to building limitations (Kaya, Dawood and Gencturk 2015). Through their audits of specifying manuals and design codes from yesteryear five decades and their counsel with rehearsing engineers, scientists distinguished seven points of interest as regular and conceivably basic to the safety of gravity stack designed (GLD) structures in a major seismic activity. Experimental Framework In this experiment, a total of 12 specimens are going to be tested. Every specimen will join a 356 mm measurement and 1.47 m long column cast necessarily by utilizing a 510 x 760 x 810 mm stub. The stub will represent a broken point or discontinuity, e.g. a beam column joint or maybe a footing balance. Each one of the columns will contain six 25M (500 mm2) longitudinal steel bars, and furthermore the spirals will be produced using U.S. No. 3 (71 mm2) bars. In each specimen, precisely the center zone measured to the centerline of winding to the gross division of the column area will be set consistent at 74%. The design of the specimens will be focused at compelling the failure in the potential plastic pivot locale of the column, that might be, within a period 800 mm from the facial skin of the stub. The span of 800 mm will be picked in light of past tests where it has been watched that the whole most harmed area of the column was roughly equivalent to the segment profundity and found around 100 to 200 mm outside the stub. Far from the test locale, the dispersing of winding support will seem diminished to around 2/3 of the predefined separating in the examination zone. All columns will be tested during the experiment process under parallel cyclic stacking while at the same time being distressed by consistent pivotal load in the test. The support for the stub will consolidate 10M (100 mm2) vertical and even stirrups at 64 mm dispersing. Moreover, 10M bars with 135 degree snares will be put at the best and base of the stub at definitely a similar dividing. The column will represent a bridge column or a building column between the segment of most extreme minute and the point of contraflexure. The longitudinal bars in the columns will be totally reached out on the stub, though the winding support will be stretched out on the stub for 100 mm. In this experiment, all specimens are going to be cast together in vertical positions. Data Evaluation Method The data has been evaluated using experimental analysis following the literature review process. The impact of strengthening insufficiently constructed square columns with CFRP is assessed utilizing examinations of comparative examples tried under indistinguishable loading conditions while specimen AS-1NS served in light of the fact that the control column, examples ASC-2NS and ASC-6NS were retrofitted with one and also 2 CFRP layers, separately. Strengthened concrete columns worked before 1971 are known to have insufficient transverse fortification and might fail without adequate cautioning during any high scale seismic activity (Yan 2016). Examples AS-1NS, ASC-2NS, and ASC-6NS contained comparable inadequate amounts of seismic transverse steel weighed against code necessities (ACI 318-027). Every column was put through a pivotal load that was 33% of the ostensible column limit Po. This load level spoke to a power somewhat more than the adjusted load for each situation. The entire arrangement of columns considered in these investigations is 305 mm2. Among the open retrofit techniques, CFRP jacketing is picking up prevalence with which has no trouble capacity of establishment (He, Sneed and Belarbi 2014). The reported research was directed to inspect the execution of lacking and harmed columns retrofitted with CFRP under tremor loading conditions. It is foreseen that the real result acquired should be relevant to columns with various area sizes accepting that parameters for example volumetric proportion of parallel steel, locale of FRP keeping support, and the subsequent hub load are fittingly scaled. Forward Projections of Outcomes Performance highlights and forward projections of outcomes of the CFRP repair scheme are identified through the comparison of Specimen ASC-2NS with Specimen ASCR-7NS. Both had 42% of the lateral steel content mandated in ACI seismic provisions and each carried an identical axial load of 0.33Po. The parameters recorded indicate Specimen ASCR-7NS displayed ductility which had been comparable with Specimen ASC-2NS up a great approximately 20% drop in capacity beyond the peak (Frascadore et al. 2015). The whole ductility parameters, however, were significantly lower for Specimen ASCR-7NS. Specimen ASC-2NS was tested with one CFRP layer added while Specimen ASCR-7NS was initially lightly damaged for unretrofitted column (AS-7NS) before being retrofitted with one CFRP layer and retested to failure. Hysteresis loops presented confirm the behavior of the repaired column was subordinate to, yet closely resembled, that of the undamaged wrapped specimen both in availablility of excursions and u ltimate strength quantities (Rousakis, Kouravelou and Karachalios 2014). Nevertheless, the CFRP repair restored much of the inherent seismic capabilities of Specimen ASCR-7NS and vastly improved its performance weighed against its unretrofitted control column AS-1NS. The substantial difference while in the total ductility parameters reflects previous damage sustained during cycling of Specimen AS-7NS before retrofit. Usage of carbon and GFRP resulted in significant upgrade inside execution of columns, creating expansive increments in malleability, vitality scattering limit, and quality. In steel strengthened columns, area and part pliability diminished fundamentally with a lifted winding pitch and negligible measure of winding fortification. Dissimilar to the inner winding fortification that lone limits the center concrete, the FRP wraps successfully restrict the whole column area. For a column subjected with a hub stack equivalent to 0.27Po, which is roughly equivalent to some adjusted load, one layer of carbon or GFRP expanded the vitality dissemination limit by a part of more than 100. The adverse results of an insignificant measure of winding support and bigger separating are frequently made up for by the imprisonment made accessible from FRP. The characteristic nature of FRP retrofitted columns under recreated tremor loads coordinated or surpassed the execution of slab fortified columns desi gned great seismic arrangements with the ACI Code. Conclusion From the entire analysis, it can be concluded that CFRP is the best reinforcing material that can be suitably used for strengthening concrete columns. It is better, stronger, more rigid as well as cheaper than all other similar alternatives. As a result, it is now widely used in construction industry for building large structures like multistoried buildings, bridges and others. However, there are some issues with it as well due to which, it is still not used by many contractors. The performance of beam-column joints has been recognized as a significant factor that affects the entire behavior of reinforced concrete framed structures subjected to large lateral loads. In recent years, external FRP systems are becoming widespread in construction industry despite only limited experimental research data on the seismic response of FRP-wrapped specimens. Hence, it can finally be concluded that with the ongoing research activities and experimental analyses, CFRP materials will become the most ly used strengthening material for concrete structures in the near future. References Al-Saidy, A.H., Saadatmanesh, H., El-Gamal, S., Al-Jabri, K.S. and Waris, B.M., 2016. Structural behavior of corroded RC beams with/without stirrups repaired with CFRP sheets.Materials and Structures,49(9), pp.3733-3747. Fakharifar, M., Chen, G., Dalvand, A. and Shamsabadi, A., 2015. Collapse vulnerability and fragility analysis of substandard RC bridges rehabilitated with different repair jackets under post-mainshock cascading events.International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials,9(3), pp.345-367. Frascadore, R., Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A., Verderame, G.M., Manfredi, G., Dolce, M. and Cosenza, E., 2015. Local strengthening of reinforced concrete structures as a strategy for seismic risk mitigation at regional scale.Earthquake Spectra,31(2), pp.1083-1102. Hadi, M.N. and Tran, T.M., 2014. Retrofitting nonseismically detailed exterior beamcolumn joints using concrete covers together with CFRP jacket.Construction and Building Materials,63, pp.161-173. He, R., Sneed, L.H. and Belarbi, A., 2014. Torsional repair of severely damaged column using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer.ACI Structural Journal,111(3), p.705. Jain, S., Chellapandian, M. and Prakash, S.S., 2017. Emergency repair of severely damaged reinforced concrete column elements under axial compression: An experimental study.Construction and Building Materials,155, pp.751-761. Jiang, S.F., Zeng, X., Shen, S. and Xu, X., 2016. Experimental studies on the seismic behavior of earthquake-damaged circular bridge columns repaired by using combination of near-surface-mounted BFRP bars with external BFRP sheets jacketing.Engineering Structures,106, pp.317-331. Kaya, A., Dawood, M. and Gencturk, B., 2015. Repair of corroded and buckled short steel columns using concrete-filled GFRP jackets.Construction and Building Materials,94, pp.20-27. Li, Y., Liu, X., Wu, M. and Bai, W., 2017. Research of electrochemical chloride extraction and reinforcement of concrete column using MPC-bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic sheet mesh.Construction and Building Materials,153, pp.436-444. Parvin, A. and Brighton, D., 2014. FRP composites strengthening of concrete columns under various loading conditions.Polymers,6(4), pp.1040-1056. Paultre, P., Boucher-Trudeau, M., Eid, R. and Roy, N., 2015. Behavior of Circular Reinforced-Concrete Columns Confined with Carbon FiberReinforced Polymers under Cyclic Flexure and Constant Axial Load.Journal of Composites for Construction,20(3), p.04015065. Rousakis, T.C., Kouravelou, K.B. and Karachalios, T.K., 2014. Effects of carbon nanotube enrichment of epoxy resins on hybrid FRPFR confinement of concrete.Composites Part B: Engineering,57, pp.210-218. Singh, V., Bansal, P.P., Kumar, M. and Kaushik, S.K., 2014. Experimental studies on strength and ductility of CFRP jacketed reinforced concrete beam-column joints.Construction and Building Materials,55, pp.194-201. Triantafillou, T.C., Choutopoulou, E., Fotaki, E., Skorda, M., Stathopoulou, M. and Karlos, K., 2016. FRP confinement of wall-like reinforced concrete columns.Materials and Structures,49(1-2), pp.651-664. Vijay, P.V., Soti, P.R., GangaRao, H.V., Lampo, R.G. and Clarkson, J.D., 2016. Repair and Strengthening of Submerged Steel Piles Using GFRP Composites.Journal of Bridge Engineering,21(7), p.04016038. Wu, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, X. and Noori, M., 2014. State-of-the-art review of FRP composites for major construction with high performance and longevity.International Journal of Sustainable Materials and Structural Systems,1(3), pp.201-231. Yan, L., 2016. Plain concrete cylinders and beams externally strengthened with natural flax fabric reinforced epoxy composites.Materials and Structures,49(6), pp.2083-2095. Yang, Y., Sneed, L., Saiidi, M.S., Belarbi, A., Ehsani, M. and He, R., 2015. Emergency repair of an RC bridge column with fractured bars using externally bonded prefabricated thin CFRP laminates and CFRP strips.Composite Structures,133, pp.727-738.

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Porter Airlines SWOT Analysis free essay sample

Entrepreneur Robert Deluce introduced Porter Airlines in 2006 aiming to create a higher value experience for its customers compared to other major players and competitors in the Canadian airline industry such as Air Canada and West Jet. The brand image is designed to provide upscale and refined service to its customers, giving the sense of traveling in first class with free amenities that competitors provide at very high prices such as meals, beverages, wine, etc. Even thought Porter has had considerable success in attracting new customers, it is still a small player in the market. In order to increase its presence Porter is aiming to target the Toronto-Montreal-Ottawa business market currently being dominated by Air Canada and followed by West Jet who is also looking to penetrate this lucrative route. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: the innovating new concept brought by Robert in the Airline business focused on the high class flight experience, has succeeded in attracting customers for Porter Airlines, allowing it to stand out from its competitors. The high class of service that Porter looks to provide in the airport lobby and on board, creates a brand image of quality and social value for passengers. The Airline’s Hub is conveniently located in the downtown Toronto area for fast and easy access. Competitors offer a relatively basic passenger experience and are subject to losing existing clientele to Porter Airlines. Weakness: Porter Airlines is relatively new and unknown in the market, there for it may be operating within a limited budget and looking to have a return on investment. Furthermore it is imperative for Porter Airlines to throw an aggressive marketing campaign to gain a level of awareness with the public and attract new customers which adds to an increase on expenditures. Since it is a new company, Porter Airlines will have to work hard to retain customers while at the same time maintain a competitive edge ahead of their competitors who dominate the market. Opportunities: Porter Airlines positioning as a quality/social value company allows it to seek partnership opportunities with other companies. Ex: A points system with gold and platinum level credit cards providers. They can also look for ventures that will enhance the experience of the business traveler such as hotels, efficient and comfortable shuttle services for flights to â€Å"Golden Triangle† destinations. Furthermore Porter can create partnership with hotels that attend the majority of business travelers within Toronto Montreal and Ottawa. Threats: Major competitors such as Air Canada have dominated the market for a lengthy amount of time becoming a synonym for business travel. Air Canada has a greater amount of flight connections and destinations than Porter Airlines. Business travelers may be already enrolled in Air Canada’s loyalty points system influencing them in staying with Air Canada in order to continue redeeming their points. West Jet’s low introduction airfare prices and the aim for companies to reduce costs may lure Business travelers their way, putting Porter Airlines at a disadvantage since they are in the introductory stage and reducing prices may translate in to going out of business. Problem Statement: Porter Airlines is a new company looking to penetrate the business traveler market currently dominated by Air Canada. Other competitors with more tradition in the airline business are also in the look to take over the same target market. Relatively unknown in the market, Porter Airlines faces two giants in the industry that have an established client base and also have loyalty systems in place that ensure the flow of repeat customers. Business travelers demand scheduling flexibility and frequent flights. Alternatives: ALT #1: Use smaller planes and increase the amount of flights PROS: 1. Higher amount of flights allows for flexibility in flight hours 2. Reduces amount of staff needed which reduces cost and there for increases profit. 3. Allows for personalized service increasing customer satisfaction CONS: 1. Higher mechanical maintenance needed for planes 2. Limited space on flights ALT #2: Create an aggressive marketing campaign and loyalty system PROS: 1. Potential customers experience increased awareness on high end services offered by Porter Airlines 2. Appeal to frequent fliers 3. Customer retention CONS: 1. Costly to develop and throw marketing campaign 2. Development of loyalty system can also be costly ALT #3: Create an introductory trial low price for the new routes PROS: 1. Further increase of new customers 2. New customers try high end services provided by Porter 3. Based on Quality and Innovation customers will most likely pick Porter over their competitors. CONS: 1. Little to no profit 2. Competitors may be able to reduce even further price to a level that Porter Airlines cannot. Recommendation: Introducing a trial price Porter will significantly increase its flow of customers, who will get to experience the convenient downtown location as well as all the complementary amenities that Porter has to offer over their competitors. Even though giants like Air Canada and West Jet could possibly afford to further lower their prices, business travelers as well as regular passengers will experience the convenience, quality that Porter Airlines offers. This w ill translate in Porter Airlines gaining and retaining a fair market share allowing it to expand into new routes and gain more passengers thus increasing profitability.