The Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Criminal Justice System - Essay Example lations (LegalMatch, 2012) â€Å"Theft or common theft, assault and battery, drink driving, vandalism, public drunkenness, resisting arrests, obstructing or resisting a police officer, trespassing, disorderly conduct, breach of the peace, failure to appear in court, prostitutionâ€Å". These crimes normally have a penalty of no longer than one year and are not considered to be serious offenses. The serious offenses normally fall under felony charges such as (LegalMatch, 2012) â€Å"murder/homicide, rape, drug trafficking, child abuse, gun possession, burglary, money laundering, and child pornography†. Such serious offenses are considered highly serious and have punishments that vary from state to state, depending upon the courts deemed severity of the offense. Having clearly defined the difference of the two crimes based upon the description of offenses, it is safe to say that one would much rather be accused of a misdemeanor rather than a felony. That is if one finds himself facing legal action as a result of his own personal actions or reactions to situations concerning him. As per the police records submitted to us, you were charged with a Misdemeanor Breach of Peace charge. This was charge was the result of your involvement in the bar room brawl that occurred at last Friday between your boyfriend and another bar patron. You have asked me to advise you with regard to what kind of penalty you are looking at and for how long. I am please to inform you that since you are charged with a misdemeanor, your penalty will not be longer than one year. Our federal government has indicated that the punishment for misdemeanor offense such as yours â€Å"... carry a maximum punishment of one year of incarceration usually is served in a local jail. â€Å" (wiseGeek, 2012). I therefore advice you not to worry as there is even a very strong possibility that, should you plead guilty or be found guilty of involvement in the misdemeanor charge, â€Å"If a jail sentence is imposed, it is

The Road Not Taken and An Unknown Girl Essay Example for Free

The Road Not Taken and An Unknown Girl Essay The Road Not Taken and An Unknown Girl both are written by authors with a peculiar background. An Unknown Girl is by Moniza Alvi who resides in England but was born in Pakistan reflects her ethnic background in An Unknown Girl, where she goes to India to search for her identity. The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost who had many professions, a teacher, mill worker, newspaper reporter, farmer and then finally a poet. His life background is reflected in the poem because the poem is about making a choice between different paths. The Road Not Taken is a conceit because the poet is telling us about how he faced two decisions in his life and a decision at this crossroad he encountered. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, Yellow usually represents cowardice, but by saying yellow wood he tells us that it is Autumn and it could be that Autumn represents his later years in life or that he is just around the corner from death. However in An Unknown Girl right from the beginning we learn that the poet is confused about her identity when she says, an An Unknown Girl is hennaing my hand. Literally, she is saying she does not know the girl who is hennaing her hands but more closely, it relates to how the poet still has no identified herself and is also unknown. Another clue the reader sees is there are no stanzas or structure to the poem, which emphasises that she that she is bewildered and confused as to how she is feeling. In The Road Not Taken the poet tries to delay his decision in which way he should go in life, and also literally the path he should take, when he says, Long I stood and looked down one as far as I could. The assonance of the oo sound he uses concludes that he wants to prolong his decision, and when he is looking down as far as he could, he is literally looking down the paths but also looking to his future. In An Unknown Girl, the poet experiences Many Indian images such as, henna, bazaar, rupees, kameez. However, the mix of the Indian and Western images (balloons, perms, neon lights) reflects on her confusion of identity, this is also backed up when she says, I have new brown veins. She is literally talking about the henna she has now on her hand but also that she has found some of her roots, blood and heritage from being in India. But sooner or later this will all be scraped off, It will fade in a week, this literally refers to the henna on her hand but also in a week she will be back in England where her roots and heritage will go back to being English and her Indian culture will fade away like the henna no her hand. A significant moment of the poets identity in The Road Not Taken is when he says, because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there had worn them really about the same. This part of the second stanza is saying the poet wants to be challenged and does not want to follow the crowd in taking the worn away path, which everyone else did, but wants to take the path that seemed fresh and untouched because it may have been more difficult to pass. This literally refers to the choice in path, but also his choice in a life career because he doesnt want to be something regular like a teacher or doctor, but wants to have a different life than the rest of society. In An Unknown Girl the poet also experiences a moment where she wants to be that something special, or different when she says, I am clinging to these peacock lines like people who cling to the sides of a train. She is literally talking about not loosing the henna lines on her hand but actually, she is showings how she is struggling to grasp onto the new culture and she is in danger of losing touch with it. This shows that she is unsure of her Indian roots and she feels that she should be physically marked so she can identify herself with Indian culture. On the third stanza in The Road Not Taken the poet seems to have a slight change in mind and regrets taking the path he took: Oh, I kept the first for another day, and: I shall be telling this with a sigh. The reader realizes that he regrets it because he uses negative vocabulary and phrases, for instance, sigh, doubted and if I should ever come back. These words and phrases show he is a pessimist, he uses a sarcastic tone even though he could have done something good. He is literally talking about how he regrets taking the path he chose at the crossroads but actually, he is saying that he regrets taking the path in life he chose and wants to turn back and start from the beginning where he had the choices. There is also a large decision in An Unknown Girl where near to the end of the poem and her trip to India she feels she will now lose all her Indian identity, When Indian appears and reappears, Ill lean across a country with my hands outstretched. Literally, she is on her last day in India and is reaching out in tiredness, but she is actually attempting to join the two cultures together like a bridge from England to India with her arms. By outstretching her arms, she is longing to stay Indian but she must make a decision and her decision is to go back to England. She feels as if she will never belong in India: Longing for that An Unknown Girl in the neon bazaar, she is saying that she just wants to be both cultures but it wont happen. At the end of The Road Not Takenthe poet has made his once in a lifetime decision and the reader has already realized that he regrets it, but now he had put the full blame on himself, Two roads diverged in a wood, and I I took the one less travelled by, and that has all the difference. The caesura after by emphasises his disbelief that he caused the problem for himself. The repetition of I, shows he regrets the choice and wants to go back, but cannot. He shows frustration and bitterness at his once in a lifetime decision that he has ruined by taking the one path he thought was a challenge, but the challenge beat him. Both, The Road Not Taken and An Unknown Girl deal with the pressures of finding ones true identity, in The Road Not Taken the poet has to chose a path on a crossroad, which reflects how he needs to come to a decision in real life as to what he really wants to do or be. In An Unknown Girl, the poet wants to find out who she really is and is in search of her true roots in India. In both there is an ultimate ending where everything goes back to how it was or back to a normal lifestyle without the other identity or life they could have had.

Atrocities Exposed in Amazing Grace :: Amazing Grace Essays

Atrocities Exposed in Amazing Grace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      god bless mommy. god bless nanny. god, don't punish me because I'm black. The above is an excerpt of a prayer taken from one of the saddest, most disheartening books I've ever read. Jonathon Kozol based this book on a neighborhood in the South Bronx, called Mott Haven. Mott Haven happens to be not only the poorest district in New York, but possibly in the whole United States. Of the 48,000 living in this broken down, rat-infested neighborhood, two thirds are hispanic, one third is black and thirty-five percent are children. Not only is Mott Haven one of the poorest places, it is also one of the most racially segregated. The book itself is an on-going dialogue between Kozol and the neighborhoods residents, interjected every so often with thoughts from Kozol. He covers a spectrum of topics from AIDS, drug addiction, prostitution, crime, poorly run and funded schools, white flight from schools to over-crowded hospitals and the amazing faith in religion and God that many of these people have. Kozol makes several trips to Mott Haven and speaks with a myriad of people, children and adults alike. For instance, Kozol develops a rapport with a twelve year old hispanic boy named Anthony. Anthony is clever and loves to write stories. Some day he hopes to become a novelist. He also has a great faith in God. He makes some very poignant remarks pertaining to his neighborhood and life in general. For example, one day Kozol and Anthony are discussing if anyone in the neighborhood is truly happy and Kozol pints out that some of the children seem cheerful playing in the school playgrounds. Anthony quickly points out that cheerful and happy are not the same. Then as they are walking, Anthony stops and waves his hand around him in the neighborhood. Then he asks, "Would you be happy if you had to live here?" The only answer can be, NO. Kozol also speaks to many of the church leaders in the different communities of the South Bronx. In particular, he speaks often to Reverend Overall, known as Mother Martha to Anthony and the other children that attend her church. What is most amazing about Rev. Overall is the fact that she gave up a productive career as a lawyer to serve the people in the poorest community in America. Atrocities Exposed in Amazing Grace :: Amazing Grace Essays Atrocities Exposed in Amazing Grace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      god bless mommy. god bless nanny. god, don't punish me because I'm black. The above is an excerpt of a prayer taken from one of the saddest, most disheartening books I've ever read. Jonathon Kozol based this book on a neighborhood in the South Bronx, called Mott Haven. Mott Haven happens to be not only the poorest district in New York, but possibly in the whole United States. Of the 48,000 living in this broken down, rat-infested neighborhood, two thirds are hispanic, one third is black and thirty-five percent are children. Not only is Mott Haven one of the poorest places, it is also one of the most racially segregated. The book itself is an on-going dialogue between Kozol and the neighborhoods residents, interjected every so often with thoughts from Kozol. He covers a spectrum of topics from AIDS, drug addiction, prostitution, crime, poorly run and funded schools, white flight from schools to over-crowded hospitals and the amazing faith in religion and God that many of these people have. Kozol makes several trips to Mott Haven and speaks with a myriad of people, children and adults alike. For instance, Kozol develops a rapport with a twelve year old hispanic boy named Anthony. Anthony is clever and loves to write stories. Some day he hopes to become a novelist. He also has a great faith in God. He makes some very poignant remarks pertaining to his neighborhood and life in general. For example, one day Kozol and Anthony are discussing if anyone in the neighborhood is truly happy and Kozol pints out that some of the children seem cheerful playing in the school playgrounds. Anthony quickly points out that cheerful and happy are not the same. Then as they are walking, Anthony stops and waves his hand around him in the neighborhood. Then he asks, "Would you be happy if you had to live here?" The only answer can be, NO. Kozol also speaks to many of the church leaders in the different communities of the South Bronx. In particular, he speaks often to Reverend Overall, known as Mother Martha to Anthony and the other children that attend her church. What is most amazing about Rev. Overall is the fact that she gave up a productive career as a lawyer to serve the people in the poorest community in America.

The Game of Runescape :: Games History Runescape Essays

The Game of Runescape For many, the world of Runescape is an unfamiliar world. Runescape involves many players in a medieval world of ghosts, goblins, and dangerous dragons. By fighting these monsters, characters can level up and get stronger. Each combat level that a player acquires increases his or her character’s strength by one point. People outside this discourse community would have a difficult time trying to understand everything that is going on in this internet game. Even people playing for years might not know everything there is to know about the game. It takes about two weeks to understand and incorporate Runescape’s terms and ways to trade, but that two weeks goes by plenty fast. Breaking things down to its simplest parts is a tough thing to do, but it puts the world of Runescape into view for others that have not heard about the game. Interacting with the other players of Runescape and understanding what the other people are trying to say are key survival techniques tha t must be used in order to last in this game. In order to understand the game of Runescape, a player must first understand the pagan religion. The pagan religion concentrates on witchcraft and wizardry. A lot of the game centers on witches and wizards and the ability of a character to use magic. Pagans today still believe in witch craft and the ability to cure or even prevent certain illnesses from spreading to a community of people. The world of Runescape will help players delve deeper into the pagan traditions and help them understand more about their religion. A beginning player of Runescape must first understand what some commonly used words and phrases mean in order to play the game. â€Å"Noob† for instance means a newcomer or newbie to the game of Runescape. Many high leveled characters will tend to use this word frequently when speaking to lower leveled characters. Noob is a fairly new term and only used by more experienced people. This word groups all newcomers into a negative category of being ignorant and gullible, because many new comers to the game do not know all of the tricks that experienced players know. As soon as a player increases his or her combat level to at least level thirty, the word â€Å"noob† would no longer pertain to them.

Culture’s will to copy Essay

Globalization process is viewed as a means through which one can ratify often in extremely idealized form a account of oneself or culture that is observed as old or even origin but can lastly be realized: through these new means, one can become what one thinks one actually is (even if one never was). What might be trait of the Internet is that this ‘realization’ is certainly ‘expansive’. Globalization process has an emancipator technology ‘Internet’ that is indefensible as the structural design of the technology harbors an instinctive class prejudice and other shades of power entitlements. Computers are intended and programmed by members of the elite culture and might imitate their cultural orientations and biases. For example, the wordsmith and semantic skills requisite to functions computers do not put up the cultural orientations of several marginal electorates. As Laikwan Pang, Cultural Control in journal said, â€Å"Culture’s will to copy †¦ [is] fuelled by the globalization process, which drives’ the world to desire similar but different products, to acquire similar but different tastes†. (Laikwan Pang, Cultural Control, p8). Globalization is as well redefining societies and restructuring society into new forms of social networks. New standards and terms for private and proficient relationships are promising (Buck 1996; Gates 1995; Baym 1995). The London Times (June 17, 1996) stated: â€Å"People in every kinds of career categories need to recognize how to use this tool so as to get ahead starting now. † Admittance to the information freeway might establish to be less a question of dispensation or position than one of the fundamental capability to function in a democratic society. Admittance to the cyberspace might very well establish how well people are knowledgeable, the type of job they ultimately get, and how they are retrained if they mislay their job, how much access they have to their government and how they will be taught about important issues concerning them and the country. (Ratan 1995: 25) Moreover, global media is not repressed by the intrinsic biases apparent in sexism, racism, and classism establish in face-to-face encounters. As a substitute, the global media presents a discussion that supports broad partaking and underlines merit over class. Practical communities permit secluded individuals to converse in a manner that protects them from the social prospect and sanctions linked with physically distinct communities (Turtle 1995). Virtual societies are unified and significant social aggregations that permit people to take on in adequate relations to form personal and group relations (Rheingold 1993). Global media represents Hollywood that spins around the analysis of Hollywood’s division of labor, what the authors call the â€Å"New International Division of Cultural Labor† (NICL). This division of labor is certainly international because U. S. film exports have reached $11 billion, and â€Å"Hollywood’s proportion of the world market is double what it was in 1990† (Miller et al. , 2001, pp. 4-5). Global sales have become so significant that in 2001 the studios take apart their international offices to run all global distribution from their headquarters. The authors argue that Hollywood’s command of the NICL distinguishes Hollywood from other industries that are increasingly globalizing. The entire book focuses on answering this question: â€Å"Is Hollywood really giving the people of the world what they want, or does it operate via a brutal form of monopoly-capitalist business practice? † (p. 15). Global Hollywood maintains that Hollywood’s global authority is due to the clout of its allocation, legal, and economic structures, as opposed to a combination of advantages resultant from the diversity of its domestic audience and its narrative transparency. As this argument has been frequently made by proponents of the cultural imperialism thesis, Miller and his colleagues take a fresh approach that focuses on what they call â€Å"occasionality† (p. 13), which is defined as â€Å"the specific `uptake’ of a text by a community† (p. 177). Amongst other innovations, the authors focus on the role of audience, and on the idea of rights, while bringing the significant issue of cultural hybridist to political economic analysis. In the short space of twenty five years somewhat which started as US defense inventiveness has developed into the major communications means for the academic and investigates community and most newly has prolonged into a main business tool for the marketable sector. The Internet has developed throughout this period from being a vigorous and effectual way of exchanging information to offering a delivery means for immense amounts of multimedia information to a global audience. While individuals began to use the global media for worldwide communication, its profound effect on how we treat information transfer, organization, and development could not have been anticipated. Internet communication applications permit rapid and simple copy, revision, and transfer of information in textual, visual, and auditory forms. Though the assortments of participants who access it do not all the time agree on whether information must be cosseted or shared, the majority of the Internet community uses, copies, and transfers the information there without restraint. The Internet is a medium for activating ideological consideration; World Wide Web (Web) documents holding multiple links to diverse authors’ sites as well as e-mail posts restraining various writers’ materials reify the theory that knowledge is raised from numerous sources. But commercial units that use the Internet to promote products and spend in the materials that they load to the Web desire to keep their digitized materials from copy, revision, and transfer. The corporal operation of the Internet forms a forum where oppositional views concerning control of information collide. The extreme nature of the Internet supports a clash between the constructionist ideology that symbolizes the academic humanist community and the Romantic beliefs that symbolizes traditional legal community. This junction amongst humanistic studies, the intellectual property law, and the Internet, joined with their attendant communities, engenders conflicts in thought and exploit and offers a generous basis from which to investigate intellectual property and information control. Though participants in humanist, legal, and global media communities retain varied ideological beliefs and goals, their common interests meet in forming and treating communicative terms, whether textual, digital, or auditory. More significant, these communities of participants, communally, through socially raised ideologies, contribute in creating approaches toward authorship, possession, and property, and eventually, in generating the power to form and manage knowledge. The dealings amongst these areas can be viewed practically and hypothetically. Globalization, therefore, can tell us diverse stories of the nation state, developing it are relationally and challenged internal and external boundaries. There would be few people concerned in globalization who would, as Green (1997:157) seems to propose, believe that ‘the nation state was disappearing’, even if it’s taken-for-granted status comes to be issued and attempts at self-reproduction become increasingly transparent. The spatial-temporal location of the nation-state is itself brought to the fore by globalization. Globalization is frequently taken to have a single course or logic that results in an augmented uniformity transversely the globe. However, despite the influential effects of international capital and international media corporations, this is not sustainable and is not the stance adopted here. To presume that globalization is about, or results in, homogenization is to abridge the processes at work and, in a sense, to distance oneself from the very composite effects on space, place and uniqueness that globalizing processes bring to the fore. As Giddens (1990) among others suggests, as globalization has resulted in the spread of ‘Western’ institutions across the globe, that very drift produces a pressure for local independence and identity. In other words, globalization is concerning examining places as concurrently traversed by the global and local in ways that have been strengthened by the modern compression of space and time. Thus, alongside the global accessibility of satellite television, McDonald’s and Arnold Schwarznegger films, there is the confirmation of, for instance, local, regional and ethnic identities. Certainly, some transnational companies have overtly adopted strategies of ‘globalization’, expanding their influence around the globe, as situating themselves and their products and services within the local conditions. These might be a response to global influences, but they are however part of globalization and not a refutation of it. What this suggests is that in modern times the local is as much a condition for globalization as the global; space and place are negotiated by the global-local nexus of globalizes space-time compressions. ‘Time-space distanciation, disembedding, and reflexivity mean that composite relationships develop between local activities and communication across distances’ (Waters 1995:50). The assimilation of the globe reconfigures rather than supersedes diversity. Globalization ‘does not essentially imply homogenization or integration. Globalization simply implies greater connectedness and de-territorialisation’ (Waters 1995:136). This problematisation argues that a particular Eurocentric culture can no longer be measured an ‘authentic, self-evident and true universal culture in which all the world’s people ought to believe’ (Lemert 1997:22)—a position which of course itself would not command universal acquiesce. The cultural renaissance resultant from decolonization is the new face of autonomy in international law. Old definitions of freedom focusing on ethnic separation and tight territorial boundaries are becoming ever more outdated. The most interesting and pioneering ideas concerning self-determination are presently being developed by indigenous peoples. Theoretical discussions of prejudice, identity, individuality and universalism might seem remote and incoherent from harsh realities. But these debates do reveal why human rights themselves can spell awful trouble for indigenous peoples. The effects of human rights, intellectual property, transformation and self-determination based on evidently ‘universal’ ideas of individuality and nationality can consequence in the death of indigenous communities. This is not a current phenomenon. It is the experience of colonization for too many people. And yet, international human rights discourse can also give a mechanism for anti-colonial struggles and the protection of indigenous rights, as the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations would certainly support. Nowhere is the inconsistency of human rights, culture and individualism as explicit as it is with the rights of indigenous peoples. Moreover, the practical view offers questions and answers to the nuts and bolts of each day treatment of intellectual property power issues. Though interpretive in nature, the practical deportment is rule-based, centered in issues concerning the assortment of original works noted under the law and formative infringement of copyright. An extensive variety of individuals use and produce copyrighted materials in their daily work, often ignorant of the consequences of their actions for probable infringement of the work of others or infringement by others of their own work. Engineers, technical communicators, computer scientists, architects, scientists, and educators, among others who characterizes our diverse national workforce, use and turn out intellectual products such as manual, applications, progress reports, yearly reports, analytical reports, and other technical documents. They as well form non-textual informational materials such as photographs and hand drawn graphics, software, videos, and multimedia products. Additionally, numerous creators acquire information through the global media, together with digital communications such as e-mail and data blocks, as well as graphics, video clips, and sound bytes. Workplace inventors might not be conscious of the special category of law that restrains the rights in the work they turn out. Equally agency laws and the â€Å"work for hire† set of guidelines, which falls under copyright law, state writers’ rights to their work and treat questions explicit to employees. Educators, particularly, are facing ever more intricate questions concerning forming and using materials for teaching. besides creating workplace products, educators also develop materials for classes in the forms of instructor package that comprise works copied from anthologies and journals, handouts, tests, and instructional transparencies or websites that might be derived from sources formed by other instructors or authors in their fields. The legal argument over what is considered infringement in using these â€Å"course packets† is massive. Instructors might also covet to use materials acquired from the global media. The customary treatment of global media sources as â€Å"free use† forms fussy questions concerning what constitutes infringement in the digital ground. There is also enduring debate over the capability of a browser merely to access a World Wide Web site devoid of infringement. Several legal analysts indicate that the National Information Infrastructure’s White Paper comprises language that, if construed closely, would forbid admittance to intellectual property on the Internet although the same intellectual property would be available if it were in the shape of print media. For instance, a stringent interpretation of the National Information Infrastructure’s (NII) White Paper would forbid the mere act of opening a file and reading it on the Internet as the act of producing text in digitized form needs making a â€Å"copy† of the original work. Though the White Paper was formed in 1996, its protectionist stance echoed in legislative development of copyright protection, wherein the No Electronic Theft Act (1998) criminalizes copyright violation and the Sonny Bono Copyright Extension Act (1999) expands copyright protection for a further twenty years. In light of the more and more preventive treatment of copyrighted materials, instructors might be confused over whether they can make non-infringing uses of World Wide Web materials for classroom uses at all (Strong, William S. 1990). Increasingly, numerous instructors inquire students to copy and develop sources procured from the Internet, such as interactions from UseNet News, Internet Relay Chat, and MOOs, and graphics or text files that they can download from the World Wide Web. Though fair use does not converse directly to questions concerning the Internet, it still controls questions of infringement within educational settings. Courts should instigate to apply fair use to issues that are convoluted by use of technology to give new instruction, but until then, prospective litigants looking for answers to complex legal questions must gain a clear considerate of existing law as the best means to recognize its possible interpretation in cases treating issues concerning the Internet. We can say that with the increasing use of internet the issue of Copyright infringement is also become very common. â€Å"Infringement is a breach of the rights of a copyright holder by copying, performing, publishing, displaying, or creating a copied work from an expression protected under copyright† (Strong, William S. 1990). Infringement can take the form of a photocopy, scanned digitization, or other mechanically formed copy, but it can as well take place in videotape, audiotape, performance, or exhibit of a copyrighted work. Providing evidence infringement is at times a complex process, needing that the belligerent party first found a right to control the copyright of the work, then that he or she proves that the work has been infringed. Infringement is further hard to prove while the accused infringer has distorted the work to such a degree that it is hard to sustain the considerable similarity argument and while the initiative and the expression are so wholly merged that use of the idea, which is obtainable in public domain, is corresponding to use of the expression. A more widespread defense aligned a claim of infringement; however, is the scenes a faire principle, which argues that general means of expression of ideas cannot be infringement of another’s work. A typical example is the formal report format used in technical documents. In this case, the means of expression has turn so widespread to the business world’s cultural scaffold of understanding that its use summons connotative expression itself, much similar to a classification of â€Å"technical report. † Copyright infringement elevates legal issues for Internet service providers as well as other global media caught up in network management. The law emerges to be moving away from strict accountability toward a new typical of â€Å"actual knowledge† (Packard, 1998). In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, ISPs are not legally responsible for copyright infringement if the bringer does not have definite knowledge that the material or an activity using the material on the system or network is infringing† (Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, Circular 92 Pub. L. 105 – 304, Sec. 512 [c]). Though, upon attaining such knowledge or wakefulness, the provider should act expeditiously to eliminate, or hinder access to, the material†. This stipulation has free-expression insinuations. Copyright law is a moderately recent phenomenon based on the supposition that inspired intellectual property desires to be protected and rewarded (Packard, 1998). â€Å"By distinguishing that online services cannot scrutinize their content for infringing material and function professionally, Congress has given them a green light to expand to their full prospective† (p. 37). The copyright extension for elite ownership for ninety-five years, up from twenty-eight years in the original 1790 law, has been dared in court by Eldritch Press. Under the new law, the publisher would be requisite to eradicate work that has been in the public domain under the preceding limit of seventy-five years. The global media and its technologies have offered fertile view for the creation of new communication technologies. Inventors functioning on such troubles as digital compression as well as network data-transfer speeds need patent protection to be capable to expand new products. Information technology has also taken a diversity of patent suits as inventors extend the new industry. Lucent Technologies, for example, sued Cisco Systems and indicted it of infringing eight digital networking patents. Cisco then charged that Lucent violated three of its patents. Lucent holds thousands of patents on former Bell Lab and AT&T research operations, and analysts feared that the aggressive action by Lucent was threatening to smaller high-tech companies. Computer-chip giant Intel called a patent infringement action by TechSearch a nuisance lawsuit (Packard, 1998). As technology continues to become more multifaceted and consistent, patent disputes are probable to propagate. Generally, most patent cases do not have a substantive collision on free expression. Thus the main features of the global media regime are linked to infringement and intellectual property concerns. The strategy for these aspects of the establishment is the principle that the costs of Internet-related infrastructural development shall be borne mainly by the private sector and the standard those governments shall entrust themselves to economic liberalization, privatization, and regulatory programs dependable with this and other regime principles. As the utmost basis of legal conflict is that between authors’ and users’ rights, the most significant policy issue is cared for specifically in the Constitution’s intellectual property stipulation. The goal of the copyright act is to make sure free speech and the progression of knowledge through our legitimate protection of the right to distribute information. The unique constitutional provisions designate the intent to make sure the expansion of knowledge in civilization based in a congressional grant to authors of a partial monopoly of rights in their works: The fair use stipulation makes clear that the key goal of the statute is to support learning. These changes notwithstanding, the divergence between authors’ rights and the goal to encourage knowledge, inner to the copyright debate since its setting up, continues. Sadly, the public policy issue is frequently ignored in respect to concerns over economic interests. The everyday application of law essentially focuses on treating conflict between individuals. Lawyers are trained specially to congregate the needs of the legal system and are inexpensively supported by their work in this area. However the policy issues following the statute are really most significant to us as educators and to our society as a whole because those who manage the development of knowledge in a culture eventually establish who we are as a people. Philosophy and the goals that convoy it drive our view of policy issues. Thought determines how we view authorship, possession, and property and eventually affects not only how intellectual property law is proscribed but how information and communication that are inner to the dialogic processes within the nation are proscribed, as well as decisive who controls them. An assessment of ideological choices in request to intellectual property thus renders significant understanding of the probable effect of the law on our cultural future. Gaining a considerate of intellectual property issues is inner to understanding our rights as users and producers of knowledge. The actions we acquire to influence egalitarian access to information can have enduring ramifications for society, as authorship makes control, control generates authority, and authority generates power. We must take every step needed to ensure that the controlling voices of the few but authoritative are reasonable by the yet-unheard voices of the weaker multitudes. Reference: Baym N. K. 1995. The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication. In S. G. Jones, ed. , CyberSociety: Computer-Mediated Communication and Community. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : Sage Publications, pp. 13863. Buck K. 1996. Community organizing and the Internet. Neighborhood Works, 19, 2, p. 2. Copyright Law of the United States of America and Related Laws Contained in Title 17 of the United States Code, Circular 92 Pub. L. 105 – 304, Sec. 512 [c] Gates B. 1995. The Road Ahead. New York: Viking Giddens, A. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity, Cambridge: Polity Press. Green, A. (1997) Education, Globalisation and the Nation State, London: Macmillan. http://www. washingtonwatchdog. org/rtk/documents/cong_hearings/senate/107/senatehearing107_77094. html http://www/stephenking. com Laikwan Pang`s 2005 article `Copying Kill Bill` social Text, No. 83, 133-153. London Times, June 17, 1996. Packard A. (1998). â€Å"Infringement or impingement: Carving out an actual knowledge defense for sysops facing strict liability†, Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs, no. 168 (December). Ratan S. 1995. Time (spring):25-26. Rheingold H. 1993. The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley. Strong, William S. The Copyright Book: A Practical Guide. Cambridge: MIT P, 1990. Toby Miller et. al, 2001 `Hollywood`s Global Rights` in Toby Miller et. al. , Global

Essay on Belief and Trans Verb

Essay on Belief and Trans Verb Essay on Belief and Trans Verb bolster: TRANS VERB to encourage or lend support to. Syn: block, undermine Her words bolstered me in those dark times. bountiful: ADJ liberal in giving; generous. Ant: niggardly, stingy Matt's bountiful compliments to his teachers on a daily basis made him a favorite on the team disclose: TRANS VERB to make known; reveal Ant: conceal, hide, suppress The reporter was unwilling to disclose the name of her source. dogmatic: ADJ asserting beliefs and opinions as though they were proven facts. Matt's dogmatic speech, although opinion-based, was very convincing enterprising: ADJ bold, energetic, and full of initiative. Ant: lazy, unenterprising, unimaginative As a result of her enterprising attitude, Mary was chosen by her teachers as Student of the Month. illuminate: TRANS VERB to make clear or understandable; clarify; explain. Ant: confuse, darken, obscure The footnotes help to illuminate the text. to give knowledge to; enlighten Will you illuminate us as to your intentions? integrity: NOUN a strong sense of honesty and morality; firmness of moral and ethical character. Ant: dishonesty He showed great integrity when he refused to lie for his employer. muster: TRANS VERB to gather up or call forth (often followed by up). He mustered up all his strength and pushed the truck over. pivotal: ADJ critically important or crucial; on which something is contingent It is pivotal to your academic success to stay on top of your homework assignments.

Philippine Wildlife Essay Essay Example

Philippine Wildlife Essay Essay Example Philippine Wildlife Essay Paper Philippine Wildlife Essay Paper Essay Topic: Life Of Pi Introduction The Philippine Wildlife has a important figure of works and animate being species that are autochthonal in the Philippines. The country’s environing Waterss reportedly have the highest degree of biodiversity in the universe. The Philippines is considered as one of the 17 mega diverse states every bit good as planetary biodiversity hot spot. The world’s 2nd largest archipelago state after Indonesia. the Philippines includes more than 7. 100 islands covering 297. 179 km2 in the westernmost Pacific Ocean. The state is one of the few states that. in its entireness. both a hot spot and a mega diverseness state. puting it among the top precedence hot spots for planetary preservation. But want of the woods due to illegal logging. slash-and-burn agriculture. and urbanisation is depriving the Filipino animate beings of their natural home grounds and sanctuaries. Hundreds of old ages ago. most of the Filipino islands were covered in rain wood. Deforestation. hunting. and a deficiency of wildlife direction has led to the Philippines being described as preservation â€Å"hotspot† . Fewer natural wildlife home ground countries remain each twelvemonth. Furthermore. the home ground that remains has frequently been degraded to the wild countries which existed in the yesteryear. The country’s wildlife is listed as endangered. critically endangered or confronting extinction. Fragile as they are. these fantastic animals need support in the preservation attempt for the environment to guarantee that they will co-exist with us worlds. Wildlife preservation attempts are aimed in several chief countries. These include the creative activity of nature sanctuaries where wildlife can populate protected and free from injury. and where scientific surveies can be conducted to better understand the menaces to assorted species and what solutions are needed to guarantee their endurance. Research workers conducted this research about Philippine wildlife protection because we want to guarantee that nature will be around for future coevalss to bask and to acknowledge the importance of wildlife and wilderness lands to worlds. Many authorities bureaus are dedicated to wildlife preservation. which help to implement policies designed for wildlife protection. There are besides legion independent non-governmental organisations who besides promote assorted wildlife protection causes. Research workers are besides concerned because wildlife preservation has become an progressively of import pattern due to negative human activities on wildlife. Why wildlife preservation is of import? Aside from the fact losing the beauty of our state. Philippines. and destructing different animals. it is of import in order to continue the diverseness of biological life upon our state. Statement of the Problem. This thesis seeks to research the effectivity of the Department of Environment and National Resources ( Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau ) in protecting wildlife. Philippines which is one of the world’s most biologically diverse countries has been described by some environmentalists as being on the border of a major wildlife crisis. However. this biodiversity is under menace. Islands one time covered in undisturbed forest home ground are now under cultivation to feed the demands of the spread outing population. Deforestation. hunting and a deficiency of wildlife direction has led to the Philippines being described as non merely as a preservation ‘hotspot’ – an country of concern – but the ‘hottest of the hotspots’ . This survey shall elaborate on the effectivity of wildlife preservation. its significance. and the importance of wildlife in our ecosystem. In these facets. the research worker seeks to set up an reply to the undermentione d inquiries: 1. Why is it of import to conserve and protect wildlife in the Philippines? 2. How effectual does the organisations in protecting wildlife? 3. What attempts are being taken to protect wildlife? Hypothesis and Premises The attempts exerted by the Department of Environment and Energy Resources- Protected Areas Wildlife Bureau are effectual in protecting and conserving the country’s wildlife. The survey rests on the undermentioned premises: 1. Protecting wildlife is of import to keep ecological ‘balance of nature’ and for economic value. 2. Conservation of wildlife is one of the undertakings that our state works out. The preservation helps to equilibrate the ecosystem in biodiversity. The attempts that exerted in the organisations tend to ease the extinction. 3. Much of the environmental protection that exists today is the direct consequence of the requests and other activities of environmental organisations. 4. The attempts exerted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources are sufficient to protect the wildlife. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The coverage of this survey is about the preservation and protection of Philippine wildlife that is being recently mishandled or misused by worlds due to negative activities. The survey consists of advantage that is being taken to protect or conserve the endangered wildlife in the Philippines. This survey is chiefly focused on the effectivity of attempts that are being taken to protect the Filipino wildlife. The survey does non cover the clime alteration and sustainable utilizations of resources. The survey will include the DENR’s ways to protect Philippine wildlife and how they work. It is focused on the survey of wildlife wherein they care and conserve Philippine wildlife for future coevalss. Significance or Importance of the survey At the decision of this survey. the research workers aim to place the attempts of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in protecting the Filipino wildlife. This survey is of import for the research workers to be more knowing about the Philippine Wildlife and to cognize the effectivity of the attempts of the DENR in protecting the wildlife. It may besides carry some jurisprudence Hatchet mans to stipulate portion of their service such as implementing more Torahs to protect the Filipino Wildlife. This research informs the general populace about the country’s wildlife and assist them recognize that it is of import to conserve our environment. In general. research workers conducted this survey for the benefit of the future coevals. because the preserved wildlife has a large part to peoples’s lives. Definition of Footings Biodiversity – biological diverseness in an environment as indicated by Numberss of different species of workss and animate beings Conservation– the protection. saving. direction. or Restoration of natural environments and the ecological communities that inhabit them Conservationist – a individual who advocates preservation particularly if natural resources Critically endangered species– refers to a species or races that is confronting highly high hazard of extinction in the natural state in the immediate hereafter Ecosystem– a system that includes all life beings ( biotic factors ) in an country every bit good as its physical environment ( abiotic factors ) working together as a unit Endangered Speciess – refers to a species or races that is non critically endangered but whose endurance in the natural state is improbable if the causal factors continue runing Endemic Species – means species or races which is of course happening and found merely within specific countries in the state Exotic Species – means species or races which do non of course occur in the state Extinction – the procedure of extinguishing or cut downing a conditioned response by non reenforcing it Habitat – means a topographic point or environment where a species or races of course occurs or has of course established its population Indigenous– born or endangered in. native to a land or part. particularly before an invasion Indigenous wildlife- means species or races of wildlife of course happening or has of course established population in the state Introduction – means conveying species into the wild that is outside its natural home ground Threatened Species – a general term to denote species or races considered as critically endangered. endangered. vulnerable or other recognized classs of wildlife whose population is at hazard of extinction Vulnerable Species – refers to a species or races that is non critically endangered nor endangered but is under menace from inauspicious factors throughout its scope and is likely to travel to the endangered class in the close future Wildlife – means wild signifiers and assortments of vegetations and zoologies. in all developmental phases. including those which are in imprisonment or are being bred or propagated Chapter 2Review of Related Literature and Surveies This chapter presents assorted foreign and local stuffs associated with the topic of this research. These stuffs assistance in the comprehension and analysis of the Effectiveness of Attempts that being taken to protect the Wildlife in the Philippines. State of the Art The literature and surveies that were reviewed were found to hold bearing on the present survey. They served as bases for the conceptualisation the study’s research job. research design and research methodological analysis. Local Literature Roberto V. Oliva. a Forest Law Enforcement Specialist. stated that the Philippines is one of the 17 mega diverse states in the universe in his book entitled. PHILIPPINE FOREST AND WILDLIFE LAW ENFORCEMENT: Situationer and Core Issues. In this book. Oliva describe that the figure of species in a state is one step of biodiversity. The Philippines has 204 species of mammals. of which 54 % or 111 species are found nowhere else ; 101 species of amphibious vehicles. 78 % of which is endemic ; 258 species of reptilians with 66 % indigenousness ; and 576 species of birds with 34 % or 195 endemic species. On wild vegetations. the state has approximately 14. 000 species stand foring five per centum of the world’s vegetation. These include more than 8. 000 species of blooming workss or flowering plants. 33 species of gymnosperms. 1. 100 species of nonflowering plants. and 1. 271 species of nonvascular plants. Harmonizing to Oliva. there are many more species that remain unknown to scienc e. Per hectare. the Philippines likely holds more diverseness of life than any other state on Earth. He explained that because of the singular diverseness in Philippine biological resources. the state is considered as one of the 18 mega diverseness states in the universe. Unfortunately. with the loss of the country’s forest screen. the home ground of wild zoology has similarly been lost. In his piece of composing he stated that habitat devastation can be attributed to logging. both legal and illegal. excavation and energy undertakings. land usage transition. kaingin. plague and diseases. While habitat devastation is considered as the ground for wildlife loss. other factors include weak institutional and legal mechanisms. domestication and hybridisation. debut of alien species. and overuse for nutrient and trade. In line with this state of affairs. Oliva besides discussed in his book that the authorities is the responsible for tellurian and wildlife protection. The authorities implemented the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147. the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. on July 30. 2001. In the chase of this policy. this Act shall hold the undermentioned aims: ( a ) to conserve and protect wildlife species and their home grounds to advance ecolo gical balance and heighten biological diverseness ; ( B ) to modulate the aggregation and trade of wildlife ; ( degree Celsius ) to prosecute. with due respect to the national involvement. the Filipino committedness to international conventions. protection of wildlife and their home grounds ; and ( vitamin D ) to originate or back up scientific surveies on the preservation of biological diverseness. Harmonizing to Oliva. RA 9147 is a good jurisprudence insofar as it provides for the legal regulation for wildlife protection. However. Oliva explained further that there are issues impeding its effectual execution. It might be caused by deficiency of resources for wildlife protection. deficiency of proficient expertness in the DENR. Wildlife Enforcement Officers and LGUs in the proper designation of wildlife. Absence of institutional agreements with other states to contend the entry and issue of alien wildlife species and in conclusion deficiency of wildlife deliverance centres. In the last portion of the book. he recommended some ways to beef up wildlife protection. Among those recommendations are by puting up all the needed installations and allowing benefits for those who protect the wildlife. His book influenced the head of all the Filipino readers that the authorities is ready to supply everything to protect the wildlife in the state. We can guarantee that if all the Filipino c itizens and authorities or non-government bureaus work as a one squad. we can forestall the extinction between different species and conserve wildlife for the following coevals. Foreign Literature Based from the book of Renee Galang entitled â€Å"A Critical Review of Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines† published in Melbourne. Australia. The country’s Marine biodiversity is every bit dramatic. Harmonizing to his old research the Philippines is considered one of the 17 mega diverseness states which together contain 70 % to 80 % of planetary biodiversity ( Mittermeier et. Al. 1997 ; DENR PAWB et Al. 2002 ) . The Filipino biodiversity therefore has planetary significance. The recent 12th Philippine Biodiversity Symposium titled â€Å"Biodiversity preservation: Learning from the yesteryear. working for the future† in Negros Occidental. Philippines was the best chance to see the current preservation activities in the Philippines. . A sum of 170 participants from the provincial congresswomans and adult females. to foreign and local environmentalists. international and national related foundations. Universities. NGO’s and preservation biological science under-graduate and post-graduate pupils participated. The ambiance was intensely passionate for the preservation cause and the flow of information and networking was friendly. kindred to any collaborative activity of like-minded people. The challenge confronting Filipino environmentalists to brace and/or change by reversal the current grave ecological crisis is prodigious. This is due to the recent recognition that the state is the top of the list of â€Å"mega diverse countries† . â€Å"In relation to the size of its land mass. the Philippines is one of the world’s Centres of biodiversity and endemism† ( WCSP 1997 ) . The state has 529 endemic craniates ( DENR-PAWB et. Al. 2002 ) for which many of the endemic mammals and aviafaunas are in endanger of extinction if the current crisis continues. Heaney ( 1999 ) asserted that â€Å"it is tragic that the biodiversity of the Philippines and the menace of its at hand loss have been discovered simultaneously† . Due to this scenario. Heaney ( 1999 ) concluded that the state is confronting blunt option: either a diminution from the biologically richest topographic point on Earth to environmental desolation. or retrieve from the current coppice with catastrophe to a point of stableness. The diminution of the Philippine wood is chiefly due to the Filipino authorities failure to implement protective policies and the corruptness of former disposals. This is particularly true on the latter half of last century where the wood declined from 50 % in 1950 to less than 20 % at present. of which less than 3 % is primary wood left. As the publication of the Philippine spotted dear it states that by the ego funded countrywide study of Roger C. Cox. 95 % of its natural distribution in 1985 and 1987 is believed to hold kick started the present intense preservation action is the Philippines. The Filipino authorities reacted by go throughing an Executive Order 192 through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) to make the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau ( PAWB ) in 1987. The Bureau’s duties are: to set up and pull off the country’s Integrated Protected Area System ( IPAS ) ; to explicate policies of the saving of biological diverseness ; and to function as the direction authorization in the enforcement of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild zoologies and vegetations ( CITES ) . PAWB has 4 divisions: Biodiversity direction. Natural diversion and extension. protected countries committee. and Wildlife resources. DENR in 1989 established the sustainable development construct as its cardinal guiding rule. The section besides formulated the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development ( PSSD ) that incorporated the construct of the Triple Bottom Lines ( i. e. economic viability. ecological sustainability and societal duty ) as its cardinal them Related Surveies Harmonizing to Ceferino P. MAALA a visiting professor in Hiroshima University-Japan. the Philippine is high on the list of precedence states in the universe for wildlife preservation because of its singular biological diverseness. big figure of endemic animate being and works species. unequal wildlife protection steps. and high rate of deforestation What are endangered species? Harmonizing to the definition given by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) . endangered species are workss or animate beings that are being threatened with extinction due to inordinate hunting and big scale devastation of their home ground. Conservationists all over the universe are alarmed by the 1996 Report of the International Union for IUCN intertwining that the figure of critically endangered mammals in the universe has increased significantly from 169-180. Primatess from 13-19. fresh H2O polo-necks from 10-24. and birds from 168-182. Of the list for endan gered mammalian species. nine are endemic to the Philippine islands. These are the Golden crowned winging fox. Negros naked-backed fruit chiropteran. Philippine tube-nosed fruit chiropteran. Panay bushy-tailed cloud rat. Ilin hairy-tailed cloud rat. Visayan warty hog. Calamian pig cervid. Visayan spotted cervid. and tamaraw. Among the critically endangered avian species in the study is the Filipino bird of Jove. Although no endangered Marine mammals were mentioned in the study. whale sharks are fast vanishing from Philippine Waterss ( Esplanada. 2000 ) . For illustration. the Rhicodon typus ( besides known as chucking patola in Zambales. toko in Mindoro. balilan in Cebu and Bohol and butanding in Bicol and Palawan ) . which on a regular basis visits the Waterss of Donsol. Sorsogon ( located at the tip of Bicol Peninsula ) from November to May are seldom sighted in Filipino Waterss now. These soft. polka dotted whale sharks are widely hunted by local fishermen for its meat and fives. which are reported to command a high monetary value abroad. To forestall the Richodon typus from wholly vanishing from the Filipino Waterss. the Filipino authorities in 1998 declared the giant shark endangered ; therefore. censoring poaching and exportation of its 2 Ceferino P. MAALAmeat. which is a daintiness in some Asiatic states. Other non-governmental preservation groups such as the World Wildlife Fund Philippines ( Kabang Kalikasan ng Pilipinas ) and big concern pudding stones like Nokia Philippines. Megaworld Corporation and International Container Terminal Services Incorporated have supported the government’s run to protect the giant shark. The Filipino Daily Inquirer a taking Filipino newspaper besides supports the save the giant shark run. Other endangered Filipino species are the Hawksbill polo-neck ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) . Olive Ridley polo-neck ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) . Leatherback polo-neck ( Dermochyles coriacea ) . Philippine crocodile besides known as Philippine fresh water crocodile and Mindoro crocodile ( Croco dylus mindorensis ) . Indo-Pacific crocodile or salt H2O crocodile ( Crocodylus porosus ) . Mindoro shed blooding bosom ( Gallicolumba platenae ) . Mindoro shed blooding bosom ( Ducula mindorensis ) . lesser bird of Jove bird of Minerva ( Mimizuki gurneyi ) . Filipino bird of Jove bird of Minerva ( Bubo philippensis ) . silvery kingfisher ( Alcedo argentata ) . Mindoro hornbill ( Penelopides mindorensis ) . heavenly sovereign ( Hypothymis coelestis ) and Isabela oriole ( Oriolus isabellae ) . The Philippines – Japan Crocodile Farming Institute ( CFI ) based in Palawan Island has successfully bred the Crocodylus mindorensis in imprisonment. Merely the endangered terrestial mammals ( cloud rats. fruit chiropterans. cervids. wild hog and tamaraw ) and the Philippine bird of Jove will be described in this paper There are many organisations in the Philippines that are implementing assorted ways to protect and conserve our endangered wildlife. They are guaranting the wellness and endurance of the home grounds. workss and animate beings. conserving natural countries. protecting critical ecosystem services and supplying communities with economically sustainable options to forest devastation. Through these organisations. they assess forestry and agricultural concerns to guarantee that they are following with different environmental criterions. which include decently caring for H2O and dirt. supervising wildlife populations. protecting migratory tracts and forbiding the hunting and trafficking of wild animate beings. Organizations help communities set up and back up touristry concerns as an option to deforestation. Therefore. the different organisations for wildlife take an attempts and takes active portion in organizing to protect the wildlife. Chapter ThreeResearch Design and Methodology This chapter discusses the research design and methodological analysis of the survey. It shows how the procedural operation of the research job of this survey. Research Design This survey utilized the experimental research design. An experimental research is a type of co relational research in which a research worker observes ongoing behavior. Through this research design. this survey will depict the effectivity of different protective attempts of the DENR-PAWB in protecting the Filipino wildlife. Beginnings of Datas The survey has two beginnings of informations. viz. ; primary and secondary beginnings. The primary beginnings of informations are through from shoping the cyberspace. The secondary beginnings of informations include the information gathered from the interviews. Instrumentality and Validation This research used informations procured from the interviews we conducted to the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau ( PAWB ) and inside informations stated at the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. Data Gathering Procedure The research workers sought the permission to interview the two different organisations who protect the endangered wildlife in the Philippines to secure informations as respects to the effectual attempts to protect wildlife. Chapter FourPresentation. Analysis. andPresentation of Datas This chapter presents the analysis and reading of the informations gathered in this survey. Here are some information gathered from the inquiries that the researches made and answered by the respondents. 1. The primary ground of holding wildlife in the state is for ecological balance and it is besides to keep the nutrient web. Food web diagrams the interaction of multiple nutrient ironss within a certain ecosystem. demoing the common dependence of species and the natural balance of home grounds that sustain carnal and works life. 2. Because of harmful human activities. urbanisation and clime alteration. some of the species in the state becomes threatened. Another ground is because of the Invasive Alien Species. These alien species are workss. animate beings or micro-organisms that have been introduced outside their natural distribution country. When IAS enters new home grounds. the deficiency of marauders and their ability to vie with native species over the bing nutrient supply can let them to rule the local ecosystem. Local species can really go a nutrient beginning of the IAS. and drive the former to extinction. 3. The of import ground of protecting the wildlife is to salvage its little population and to salvage them from extinction. 4. Some threatened species are can be found in some of the states in Visayas and in the part of MIMAROPA such as Negros. Panay. Leyte. Mindoro and Palawan. 5. There were merely approximately one to two animate beings that are being rescued every twenty-four hours. These animate beings are non truly endangered. Normally. animate beings like serpents. polo-necks and monkeys are being turned over by those who don’t cognize how to manage these animate beings. 6. There’s a circumstance that the savior are being harmed by the animate beings that they’re delivering. Particularly when those animate beings are non used to human activity. Accidents are inevitable in delivering wildlife animate being. 7. There are different ways on how modern engineering helps these organisations to protect the wildlife easier. The Geographic Information System ( GIS ) engineering is an effectual tool for pull offing. analysing. and mapping wildlife informations such as population size and distribution. home ground usage and penchant. alterations in home grounds. and regional biodiversity. GIS offers an indispensable agencies of tracking threatened animate beings to assist forestall farther injury or even extinction. In the other manus. the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) device will usually enter and hive away location informations at a pre-determined interval or on interrupt by an environmental detector. These informations may be stored pending recovery of the device or relayed to a cardinal informations shop or internet-connected computing machine utilizing an embedded cellular ( GPRS ) . wireless. or satellite modem. The animal’s location can so be plotted against a map or chart in close real-time or. when analyzing the path subsequently. utilizing a GIS bundle or usage package. But they don’t have adequate figure of these devices because these devices cost excessively much expensive. It can be afford if there were patrons that are willing to assist financially. 8. Medical wellness programs are provided for all the animate beings. Quarantine trials and one-year wellness appraisal are besides given for all the animate beings that they are taking attention of. 9. They merely provide a impermanent shelter. Their chief aim is to rehabilitate the rescued animate beings and they will convey them back to their natural home ground. 10. There are many regional deliverance centres all over the state. It is required to hold at least one deliverance center/sanctuary for the animate beings every part. Harmonizing to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. the Filipino vegetation has 101 critically endangered species. 193 endangered species and 240 vulnerable species. In the other manus. the Filipino zoology has 299 occupant species. 203 migratory species. 421 endemic species. 22 autochthonal species. and 7 freshly introduced species. Chapter FiveSummary of Findings. Conclusion and Recommendations This chapter presents the sum-up of findings. decisions and recommendations of the survey. This survey determined the effectivity of the different attempts exerted by the DENR in protecting and conserving the country’s wildlife. This sought to reply the undermentioned sub-problems. What is the entire figure of threatened species in the state as of twelvemonth 2011? What are the factors that the organisation does in conserving wildlife? I. Drumhead In malice of those harmful activities by worlds. different organisations strive difficult to protect and take attention of the wildlife. There are bit by bit of animate beings are being rescued a twenty-four hours. Defenders of the wildlife are sometimes put in danger like being harmed by the animate beings that they are seeking to deliver. The DENR- Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau Rescue Center is established as a impermanent shelter for donated. rescued. abandoned and confiscated endemic. autochthonal and alien wildlife from Metro Manila and nearby states. All wild animate beings brought into the centre undergo the necessary wellness quarantine and rehabilitation period. Endemic and autochthonal wild animate beings found physically fit are finally released back into their natural home ground following standard protocol. Those unfit persons every bit good as exotics are displayed in the Mini-zoo to advance public consciousness. grasp and support to the preservation of the countr y’s wildlife resources and their home grounds. The centre is besides a beginning of show animate beings for legitimate zoological Parkss and research specimens for academic and scientific establishments. It is besides a life research lab for veterinary and biology pupils and wildlife partisans. Nowadays. modern engineering plays a large function in our day-to-day lives to do our occupation easy. There are some devices that are being used by the DENR to track and observe the threatened animate beings. Unfortunately these devices are dearly-won that can’t afford and can’t operate continuously. In malice of that. the organisations are seeking to convey back the rescued animate beings to their home grounds and besides. they provide the full medical wellness program that the animate beings needed. The medical wellness program depends if the animate being is enduring from an unwellness or has been into a risky accident. They provide deliverance Centres all over the state who take impermanent detention and attention of all confiscated. abandoned and donated wildlife to guarantee their public assistance and wellbeing. DENR implemented regulations and ordinances on conserving the country’s wildlife resource and their home grounds for sustainability. It is entitled â€Å"The Wildlife Act: RA No. 9147† . In general. the DENR-PAWB is the primary authorities bureau responsible for tellurian wildlife protection. They aim to conserve and protect wildlife species and their home grounds to advance ecological balance and heighten biological diverseness. II. Decisions From the analysis. readings and deductions of the findings of the survey. the undermentioned decisions were drawn: 1. Unless the extinction doesn’t occur. the attempts exerted by the organisations are still effectual. 2. There were many different organisations. different in aims and attempts. But still they are endeavoring for one end. to take good attention. protect and continue the natural resources that our country’s can be proud of. 3. Protecting wildlife is to embrace workss and animate beings. Protecting wildlife will besides protect the home grounds and hence aid keep ecological balance III. Recommendations In the visible radiation of the findings and decisions. the following are offered as recommendations for possible action: 1. The authorities should develop and heighten the Torahs refering the protection of country’s natural resources. 2. Increased support from province and cardinal authorities bureaus for the preservation of natural resources. 3. Proper planning of land and H2O use should be done to guarantee the protection of wildlife in their natural home grounds or in the manmade home grounds such as menagerie and botanical gardens.

Exponential Decay and Percent Change

Exponential Decay and Percent Change When an original amount is reduced by a consistent rate over a period of time, exponential decay is happening. Here is an explanation of how to work a consistent rate problem or calculate the decay factor. The key to understanding the decay factor is learning about percent change. Here’s an exponential decay function:    y a(1-b)x y: Final amount remaining after the decay over a period of timea: The original amountx: TimeThe decay factor is (1-b).The variable, b, is percent change in decimal form. Because this is an exponential decay factor, this article focuses on percent decrease. Three Ways to Find Percent Decrease The percent decrease is mentioned in the story.The percent decrease is expressed in a function.The percent decrease is hidden in a set of data. 1. The percent decrease is mentioned in the story. Example: The country of Greece is experiencing tremendous financial strain. They owe more money than they can repay. As a result, the Greek government is trying to reduce how much it spends. Imagine that an expert has told Greek leaders that they must cut spending by 20%. What is the percent decrease, b, of Greece’s spending?   20% What is the decay factor of Greece’s spending?Decay factor: (1 –b)   (1 - .20) (.80) 2. The percent decrease is expressed in a function. Example:   As Greece reduces its government spending, experts predict that the country’s debt will decline. Imagine if the country’s annual debt could be modeled by this function:   y 500(1-.30)x, where y is in billions of dollars, and x represents the number of years since 2009 What is the percent decrease, b, of Greece’s annual debt? 30% What is the decay factor of Greece’s annual debt?Decay factor: (1 –b) (1 - .30) .70 3. The percent decrease is hidden in a set of data. Example:   After Greece reduces government services and salaries, imagine that this data details the country’s projected annual debt. Greece’s Annual Debt 2009: $500 Billion2010: $475 Billion2011:   $451.25 Billion2012: $428.69 Billion How to Calculate Percent Decrease A. Pick 2 consecutive years to compare: 2009:   $500 Billion; 2010:   $475 Billion B. Use this formula: Percent decrease   (older– newer)/older: (500 Billion – 475 billion)/500 billion .05 or 5% C. Check for consistency. Pick 2 other consecutive years: 2011: $451.25 Billion; 2012: $428.69 Billion (451.25 – 428.69)/451.25 is approximately .05 or 5% Percent Decrease in Real Life: Politicians Balk at Salt Salt is the glitter of American  spice racks. Glitter transforms construction paper and crude drawings into cherished Mother’s Day cards; salt transforms otherwise bland foods into national favorites. The abundance of salt in potato chips, popcorn, and pot pie mesmerizes the taste buds. Unfortunately, too much flavor and bling can ruin a good thing. In the hands of heavy-handed adults, excess salt can lead to high blood pressure, heart attacks, and strokes. Recently, a lawmaker announced legislation that will force us in the land of the free and the brave to cut back on the salt that we crave. What if the salt reduction law passed, and we consumed less of the white stuff? Suppose that each year, restaurants will be mandated to decrease sodium levels by 2.5% annually, beginning in 2011. The predicted decline in heart attacks can be described by the following function:   y 10,000,000(1-.10)x , where y represents the annual number of heart attacks after x years. Apparently, the legislation will be worth its salt. Americans will be afflicted with fewer strokes. Here are my fictional projections for annual strokes in America: 2010: 7,000,000 strokes2011: 6,650,000 strokes2012: 6,317,500 strokes2013: 6,001,625 strokes (Note:  The numbers were made up to illustrate the math calculation! Please contact your local salt expert or cardiologist for real data.) Questions 1. What is the mandated percent decrease in salt consumption in restaurants? Answer: 2.5%Explanation:   Be careful, three different things   sodium levels, heart attacks, and strokes are predicted to decrease. Each year, restaurants will be mandated to decrease sodium levels by 2.5% annually, beginning in 2011. 2. What is the mandated decay factor for salt consumption in restaurants? Answer: .975Explanation: Decay factor: (1 -  b) (1-.025) .975 3. Based on predictions, what will be the percent decrease for annual heart attacks? Answer:   10%Explanation:   The predicted decline in heart attacks can be described by the following function:   y   10,000,000(1-.10)x  , where  y  represents the annual number of heart attacks after  x  years. 4. Based on predictions, what will be the decay factor for annual heart attacks? Answer: 0.90Explanation: Decay factor: (1 -  b) (1 - 0.10) 0.90 5. Based on these fictional projections, what will be the percent decrease for strokes in America? Answer:   5%Explanation: A. Choose data for 2 consecutive years:   2010: 7,000,000 strokes; 2011: 6,650,000 strokes B. Use this formula:   Percent decrease (older – newer)  / older (7,000,000 – 6,650,000)/7,000,000 .05 or 5% C. Check for consistency and choose data for another set of consecutive years: 2012: 6,317,500 strokes; 2013: 6,001,625 strokes Percent decrease   (older – newer)  / older (6,317,500 – 6,001,625)/6,001,625 approximately .05 or 5% 6. Based on these fictional projections, what will be the decay factor for strokes in the America? Answer: 0.95Explanation: Decay factor: (1 -  b) (1  - 0.05) 0.95 Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Printmaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Printmaking - Essay Example This painting shows a variety of things and affects the reader’s emotion in a variety of ways. The ability of the painter to incorporate simplicity and complexity all at once, or peace and hostility simultaneously, movement and stillness in the same piece make this piece highly admirable and equally impressive.The painter merely used paper and charcoal as opposed to using other preferable and durable media. Thirdly, the piece is also highly inspirational since it connects the audience with the emotions of the painter. Viewing such a painting, one would argue that the painter was in a state of emotional confusion, or experience mixed feelings with a deep urge to be at peace. As such, the depiction of the painting using diverse emotions and a key purpose in mind presented just the perfect piece of work. As such, the most intriguing aspect of the printmaking project by Nelligan is the fact that the painting is a metaphorical oxymoron. The depiction of two sides of an emotion in t he same picture, two opposing themes and two opposing features of a painting is the key reason that this painting is the perfect selection. The simplicity holds in it, from the media to the subject or overall theme of the painting is also admirable. The painter focused on a set of values and this thus shows a significant aspect about the exceptionality of the painter, a feature that any printmaker or painter would love to possess as a skill set. As such, the selection of this piece is based on one main conclusion; it is spectacular.

Identification of Qualitative Methodology Research Paper

Identification of Qualitative Methodology - Research Paper Example The group also consisted of women who were in assistant-variety positions which was intended to emphasize scenarios where power and control were highlighted. Based on the background given about Taiwan, the sample population recruited for the study was appropriate as well. The observational approach to the research was not significant because there is no mention of time-frame for each of these observational sessions nor a description of the observed environment. In many respects, this aspect could have either been eliminated from the study or enhanced further to justify methodology. The on-site observation would require being a separate event from interview environments to avoid researcher error or bias. This study also did not clearly outline its intended objectives, moving directly from the background of Taiwan business to theoretical secondary sources with no mention of a direct goal. The interest of the study was clearly to find out information about this working environment without a strong focus on what was intended to be proven or disproven. The con of this approach is that it was too broad of a research study with no clearly outlined research objective. (or trends) based on responses. The researcher categorized these responses into power, gender, and office politics. This study has bias in it though as it chose a sample of women who were in clearly-inferior job roles to other authoritarian leaders (by hierarchical design), which seems to have lessened the study’s reliability and/or validity. Having no clear research objective and a sample which was not, by design, unbiased is another con of this research study methodology. A cross section of male workers, in similar environments in support roles, would seem to justify the relationship between power and gender in the workplace better. This would mean having to add on more interviews for a different cross-section of male

Church and State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Church and State - Essay Example One of the most imperative objectives behind exploring the topic above-mentioned includes seeking the answer to the question whether or not there appears any need for the formulating of the new phase of relations between the church and state in the best interests of the masses at large. Hence, the present paper will provide an insightful outlook of the topic under-examination by seeking support from the works created by the scholars. The fast and continuous alterations being witnessed in the contemporary era all over the world have forced the thinkers and political and social scientists to re-determine and review the role of church or institution of religion in order to avoid and escape the extremism that appears to be challenging the peace and harmony of the social establishments on the one side, and adding their share in widening the gulf of hatred and conflict among the cultures following the divergent religious belief systems within their respective political jurisdictions on the other during the contemporary era. Consequently, the world looks reflecting the scenario of chaos and disorder even after the advent of marvelous scientific and technological advancements making the life peaceful, comfortable and luxurious one in general. There was a time when the entire Europe used to be submitting to the decrees issued by the church. The establishment of the Holy Roman Empire was also the outcome of the dominance i nfluence of church on state and all its institutions. While elaborating the position of church and state in his remarkable â€Å"The Prince†, distinguished Italian philosopher Machiavelli strongly demands the separation of church from the political affairs of government and state (2010, p.45). It is partly due to the very reality that the ecclesiastical principalities or religious rules are unable to cope with the historical patterns altogether. Since the church lays stress upon specific mode of worship as well as leading the life in a standardized manner, the same could not be observed practically in any region of the entire globe. One of the most dominant reasons behind the same is this that the people belonging to divergent faiths, factions and sects co-exist in one and the same socio-political establishment; and if the (Catholic) church representing just one faction of one single faith looks for the masses’ strict observing of the Catholic code of laws, there will be bright probabilities of conflict and clashes in society, leading to anarchical state of affairs in the country subsequently. Rousseau refutes the implementation of religious and social laws by stating that man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains (2008, p.15). Hence, he does not appear to be surrendering before the heavy burdens of laws, which challenge the human liberty in one way or the other. Taking the precedent of the contemporary era rigid orthodox states of Afghanistan and Pakistan, it becomes evident that the nefarious extremist deoband sect of Muslims has made the life of the non-Muslim and peaceful Shiite Muslims miserable and pathetic one by inflicting pains and sufferings upon them with the aim of forcing them to adopt their religious policies and ways at any cost. Such a condemnable religious prejudice has destroyed the efficiency of the political institution on the one side, and has caused the ruination of social fabrics on the other. It is therefore, Machi avelli’s arguments (2010, pp. 47-8) with regards to separation of church and state still carry weight even nearly five centuries after its first publication in 1532. In addition to this, the undue and unnecessary

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 42

Discussion - Essay Example This is evident with regimes or political parties whose organizational structure utilizes racial bases (Abdul 428). Mostly, the segregated category or race assumes the low class whereas the thriving one emphasizes on using the discriminating policies to maintain its class (Abdul 427). Unequal wealth distribution is a matter of concern especially to the society or state where it requires effective and timely rectification. This is because in many occasions, it yields to wrangles or wars especially if it entails diverse geographical and political blocs. Unequal distribution of wealth usually leads to uneven development especially in a state where the most favored people or region due to political influence, continues to thrive compared to others. Hence, indirectly this usually makes the state’s economy lag behind despite the most benefiting people belonging to the top class or the favored region (Abdul 427). It also leads to increased state of poverty where the affected people are unable to stabilize economically. This is because the already set policies usually act as a barrier between them and their destinies (Abdul 427). Therefore, I believe the implementation of policies by regimes or any authority to ensure unequal wealth distribution is unethical. Besides, it leads to more economic predicaments even to the favored categories, though indirectly. Abdul Aziz, et al. "Problem Of Unequal Distribution Of Wealth And Role Of Infaq (Donation) In Its Solution." Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 3.2 (2011): 426-429. Web. 27Th October

Electrical & electronic principles ( lap report ) AC power Assignment

Electrical & electronic principles ( lap report ) AC power - Assignment Example Using the oscilloscope, the current and the voltage waveforms supplies were observed and determined alongside determining the lead or lag angle for the circuit. Various capacitor values were recorded with keen interest in observing their trend. The circuit was first connected with R1 s the coil resistance, with R2 as the low Ohm resistor already used. The component values were all recorded accordingly. Then using the oscilloscope, the current and the voltage supplies were observed, as well as used in determining the lag angle for the circuit. Finally, the data for various capacitors were recorded. Whenever the capacitor is by-passed by an emitter, and capacitance of the coupled capacitor is large in regards to the AC frequency signal, the capacitors would be approximated as a circuit that is short (Alamo, Swirhum & Swanson, 2005). Whenever the input signal or voltage is increased the output voltage and the signal would be further vary around the dc bias point that has been established (Roulston, 2007). This effect would continue up to when the limiting condition of the voltage is reached. For the current in the circuit, the limiting condition would be VCC/RC, at the end, considered to be high, and a zero at the end considered to be low of the swing. The voltage of the emitter collector and the supply limit reaches a limit when they have a zero and VCC. Additionally, the voltage output and the varying current around the point of bias give out ac power towards the load (Zeubman, 2008). The delivered ac power is made to go through the load referred to as RC. AC signal, on the ot her hand, makes the current in the base to be varied around the bias dc current and the current collector around its level of quiescent. The input signal leads to ac signal voltage and the ac current. Increasing the input signal would increase the output swing until when the maximum

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 42

Discussion - Essay Example This is evident with regimes or political parties whose organizational structure utilizes racial bases (Abdul 428). Mostly, the segregated category or race assumes the low class whereas the thriving one emphasizes on using the discriminating policies to maintain its class (Abdul 427). Unequal wealth distribution is a matter of concern especially to the society or state where it requires effective and timely rectification. This is because in many occasions, it yields to wrangles or wars especially if it entails diverse geographical and political blocs. Unequal distribution of wealth usually leads to uneven development especially in a state where the most favored people or region due to political influence, continues to thrive compared to others. Hence, indirectly this usually makes the state’s economy lag behind despite the most benefiting people belonging to the top class or the favored region (Abdul 427). It also leads to increased state of poverty where the affected people are unable to stabilize economically. This is because the already set policies usually act as a barrier between them and their destinies (Abdul 427). Therefore, I believe the implementation of policies by regimes or any authority to ensure unequal wealth distribution is unethical. Besides, it leads to more economic predicaments even to the favored categories, though indirectly. Abdul Aziz, et al. "Problem Of Unequal Distribution Of Wealth And Role Of Infaq (Donation) In Its Solution." Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 3.2 (2011): 426-429. Web. 27Th October

Feminine and Ethics of Care and Virtue Ethics Assignment

Feminine and Ethics of Care and Virtue Ethics - Assignment Example One of the main differences between ethics of care and virtue ethics is that they have a distinct assumption on what makes a right from an individual. This implies that their judgment of the moral character varies.   Virtue ethics theories assume that the roles of character and virtue in moral philosophy is important than doing one's duty to bring a positive impact.   These theorists also believe in virtues such as courage, self-control, generosity, honesty that keeps them going and overcoming daily challenges. On the other hand, ethics of care theorists are concerned with what makes an action right or wrong they do not only apply just and autonomy . They emphasize the importance of response as opposed to what is just argued by other theories.There are many advantages of determining and selecting moral action as virtue ethics provide. For example, the proponents of virtue ethics believe that a virtuous person has the ideal character traits that they apply in every situation and d rive their natural internal tendencies ones they are nurtured. It is because of this that people, families care for their loved ones by socializing them to the expectation of the society. Similarly, those who select virtue ethics have a good reasoning and have good plans. They also apply their common sense intuition that others admire o they apply them. Moreover, they do not only apply just and autonomy but to encompass traits that may include caring and nurturing others to walk the path that leads to prosperity.

The Knowledge of Human Existence Essay Example for Free

The Knowledge of Human Existence Essay Movies provide the audience with a unique experience. Not only do they entertain, they allow the audience to explore their own preconceptions. The most vital preconception that movies allow the viewer to explore and interact with is the definition and formation of knowledge. For centuries man has grasped for the true definition of knowledge. In this struggle many have fought for a unifying definition, this great conflagration of discourse and study did not lead to a unified definition of knowledge. Moreover, it leads to the question that still beats in the hearts of the philosopher and the movie-goer. What can human beings know about the experience of existence? How do we define it? Man’s struggle with the definition of knowledge and how we define existence is a driving force behind the questions asked by philosophers throughout history. From Plato to Descartes, from Aristotle to Kant, the understanding of existence became nearly an obsession of the great philosophical minds. It is this â€Å"obsession† that drives Hugh Jackman’s character, Robert Angier in Christopher Nolan’s The Prestige. In this â€Å"obsession† Angier finds his match with Keanu Reeves’ character, Neo in Andy and Larry Wachowski’s The Matrix, whose transformation from computer hacker to an almost God like position of knowledge, stems from his obsession with defining his existence. While it is the character Neo who is lead or rises to a position where it is possible to fathom the nature of existence, it is the audience whom Christopher Nolan guides to this level in The Prestige. Before an understanding of existence can be examined, it is important to define the role of the audience in Nolan’s The Prestige. While Nolan’s characters are subject to an â€Å"obsession† directed towards the knowledge of each other’s methods, the true character receiving knowledge is the viewer. Cristel Russell in a piece titled, â€Å"Rethinking Television Audience Measures: An Exploration into the Construct of Audience Connectedness,† written for Marketing Letters in 1999 discusses the degrees of connection a television audience has. While Russell’s piece is intentioned for an understanding of the relationship between a television audience and the images on screen in the sense of how to market to the audience, the similarity of the mediums allow for this to be an example for the filmic experience as well. Russell’s study asserts the strength of the connection the audience has, â€Å"viewers often reported that they imitate some of the intangible aspects of their television show, from the lifestyle of the actors to the philosophy portrayed by the character,† (Russell, 1999, p. 401). Russell chooses the word â€Å"their† to suggest a possessive, included, position that the viewer takes with the images portrayed on the screen. It this suggestion of inclusiveness that suggests that the viewer becomes part of â€Å"their,† show. No longer is the viewer simply an audience member; they are a part of the cast chosen by the director and as such they become a necessary medium for explication of â€Å"philosophy† as is suggested by Russell. Nolan’s audience is not simply viewing, they are interacting with the film, and as such they are guided by Nolan to a realization, just as Robert Angier is. While, Angier’s â€Å"obsession† for knowledge is limited by his insatiable desire for revenge, he ascends on a philosophical scale. While this may seem reminiscent of the story of Plato’s cave, where a man trapped is freed by realization that his existence is limited to projections on the wall of his cave, Plato’s example does not serve Angier. It isn’t until his death at the hands of his old enemy that Angier is able to transcend to the realm of knowledge necessary to understand existence. It is in this moment that he realizes that all the tangible evidence of how his rival’s tricks were performed, were not the true illusion. The truth that Angier in his final moments is lead to believe, is that sacrifice is a necessity for perception to become actual existence. In his dying moments Angiers defines his own understanding of his purpose, while the film-maker paints it in a romantic sense, it provides the viewer with the true understanding of individual existence. It is just that. Individual. While shaped by the collective experience, the only thing a human being can say for certain is that their existence is their own, folding too completely into an empirical collective experience is as unfulfilling as life without death. Hence, Angier must die by the end of the film. (Nolan, 2006). Knowledge cannot be limited solely to a scientific explanation of why things are and why things aren’t. John Cottingham’s piece, â€Å"The Question,† from The Meaning of Life provides the seeker of knowledge with an explanation for the limitedness of scientific inquiry. In the piece Cottingham highlights â€Å"religious discourse† throughout time as necessary force for further investigation into the why that creates the human need for knowledge of existence. While â€Å"religious discourse† may not provide an exact answer to what existence is, this is inconsequential as according to Cottingham, â€Å"But its advocates would urge that it none the less assuages the nausea, the ‘nausea’ as Jean-Paul Sartre called it, that we feel in confronting the blank mystery of existence,† (Cottingham, 2003, p. 9). Here Cottingham’s inclusion of â€Å"religious discourse† as essential in understanding the â€Å"blank mystery of existence,† seems to undermine a definition of existence based entirely on science. â€Å"Science† as discussed in Cottingham’s discourse should be understood as empirical knowledge. Based upon Cottingham, this empirical knowledge, the tangible is limited in its ability to assist human beings in their understandings of existence. It is into this gladiatorial arena where Rene Descartes jumps as a opponent of a solely empirical understanding of existence. Rene Descartes provides a rational approach to the problem of understanding existence. Descartes rationalism is based upon his definition of the â€Å"material† of existence. Rather than being bogged down in the definition of â€Å"material,† Descartes comes to the conclusion that, â€Å"Consciousness is the essential property of mind substance,† (Collinson, 2006, p.81). Descartes’ definition of the â€Å"essential property† as espoused in Diane Collinson’s Fifty Major Philosophers opens the door for how human existence is defined. The â€Å"essential property† of existence is not based on tangible experience. Collinson highlights Descartes suggestion that the mind experiences the empirical sense of the body, but not because of direct physical experience, rather that, â€Å"ideas of primary qualities are not derived from sense experience but are innate,† (Collinson, 2006, p 83. ). This idea of â€Å"primary qualities† can be applied to the question of existence as experienced by Neo in The Matrix. Neo’s character ascends from a plateau of empirical existence in the beginning of the film. He does not know that he is actually being deceived, that his definition of existence is a computer created dream state. This dream state although realized to be a manifestation of a computer program, is seen by Neo in his earliest iteration as real. He does not know he lives within a deception, because the computer-generated Matrix  maintains all the â€Å"essential qualities† of existence in Neo’s mind. It is not until he meets Morpheus that what he considers existence is a facade. While he maintained a certain amount of skepticism, Neo’s first iteration as Thomas Anderson does not suffer to greatly from the problems that Descartes mused about in the sense of â€Å"dualism. † Neo before meeting Morpheus is happy to accept his existence just as it is because without the outside of influence of Morpheus’ experience, the Matrix holds up to the ideal of the innate nature of existence. Similarly, the audience of The Prestige is like Neo. They are lead astray from the true realization of existence, in particular the truths revealed at the end of the movie, by Nolan. The audience does not know that there is a form of deception taking place. Sure, there is the acknowledgement that the other characters practice in deception, but as the audience is intertwined into the film as an additional character, they are unable to see the greater deception at play. Like Neo, the viewers of The Prestige must go through further iterations in order to understand that while seemingly â€Å"innate† in the sense of Descartes, that the existence portrayed is not the truth. In both cases, an outside influence contends against the assumed support of the rationalism proposed by Descartes. As Neo is awakened into the real world by Morpheus, he ascends another rung on the ladder to an identifiable definition of what composes existence. As Morpheus instructs Neo in the realities of the computer dominated manifestation he had accepted as existence, he is in fact reflecting what Kenneth Westphal refers to as, â€Å"the Humean objection, that the appearance of physical objects in space and time is a deceptive illusion produced by our imagination,† (Westphal, 2006, p. 781). In this direct reference to David Hume In his piece,† How Does Kant Prove That We Perceive, And Not Merely Imagine, Physical Objects,† written for Review of Metaphysics, Westphal endorses Morpheus’ claim to Neo that his imagined self when inside the Matrix is just as real as Neo in the real world. If Neo dies in the Matrix, even-though his computer generated image is simply a construction of the mind, he also dies outside of the Matrix. The creation of two distinct images of the same person, with equal mortality seems to suggest a dichotomy, that deception and perception are interchangeable. That the tangible and the imagined are one and the same when it comes to defining existence, but this understanding is only reached by a communal understanding of existence. Neo was perfectly fine with accepting his previous understanding of the world and his violent initial reaction to Morpheus’ suggestion, points to this. This notion rather than serving to clarify how existence is determined actually muddles the idea. It almost works to endorse a sense of self-deception. (Wachowski, 1999). The concept of self-deception and the reality of the imagined is examined by through the audience’s viewing of the truth behind Angier’s final downfall in The Prestige Angier buys into the imagined and as a result must be destroyed. The final scenes of the film refer the audience, now so deeply involved in the deception to the introduction by the character, Cutter, â€Å"Now youre looking for the secret but you wont find it, because of course youre not really looking. You dont really want to know. You want to be fooled,† (Nolan, 2006). This suggestion that the viewer doesn’t â€Å"really want to know,† explains the downfall of Angier. He was so hopeless caught up in his desire for revenge that he limited his imagination, he only placed importance on the empirical evidence, that his enemy had been hung. He allowed himself to be deceived. Similarly, the character Cypher in The Matrix, desires to allow himself to be deceived. Rather than endorsing an empirical knowledge of existence in this desire, this â€Å"obsession,† it does quite the opposite. Both Cypher’s desire and Angier’s downfall in contrast to the admirable outcome favored upon Christian Bale’s character, Alfred Borden, endorse the idea that deception is as real as existence. The ability to choose between to two, between the intangible, (elucidated here as deception) and the tangible is the defining notion of human existence. This seems to reinforce a Kantian understanding of existence. Kant’s definition of the human experience while seemingly based in sensory information and in that regard would be subject to the same deceptions of the senses that plagued Rene Descartes. However, Kant’s argument trumps this understanding. Diane Collinson brings forth Kant’s understanding of experience and existence, â€Å"Things-inthemselves cannot be known ‘even if we could bring our intuition to the highest degree of clearness’. They are the non-sensible causes of what we intuit,† (Collinson, 2006, p. 123). Kant’s theory on knowledge, at least in part, suggests that although senses provide humans with a lens to view the world, that this is limited because in truth the perceived â€Å"cannot be known† no matter what level of ascendency the viewer reaches. This first portion of Kant’s definition of the knowledge of human experience is reflected in the downfalls of both Neo and Robert Angier. Both must fall in order to support this theory, but in falling they are able to transcend and realize that they were unable to fathom their experiences. Angier had to have his rival’s mystery elucidated for him. Neo had to die in order to reach a position similar to that of a demi-god where he was no longer limited by the human existence. The agents in The Matrix repeatedly call attention to this by discussing the weak and vileness of the humans they have enslaved. In order to transcend to this level of knowing both characters had to fail. They had to realize that experience and existence cannot be known simply from the sensory or the perception. It requires sacrifice, but the knowledge that comes out of the sacrifice is limited to the individual. Immanuel Kant endorses this assertion of the individual in existence. Moreover it Is in his acceptance of the individual’s lack of ability to discern between perception and the empirical Kant provides an argument against the aforementioned â€Å"Humean objection. † Whereas Hume argued that the knowledge of the physical is a deception produced by the imaginative capacities of the human mind, Kant dispelled this conjecture of Hume’s. This facet of Kantian idealism is reflected in his next contention against the Humean, â€Å"but Kant regarded Hume’s strategy as inadequate since it left the causal principle without any justification. His own account establishes a third class of propositions, one whose propositions, like those stating matters of fact, tell us something about the world and are synthetic rather than analytic but which are also necessary in that they have an a priori element, that is, an element that is not derived from sense perception,† (Collinson, 2006, p. 124). Collinson highlights Kant’s transcendence of Descartes’ and Hume’s positioning of sense perception. By allowing for â€Å"synthetic† propositions or ideas about the world, including that of human existence, Kant opens up a window to air out the farce that perception and the empirical are the measures by which existence is judged. Existence in this sense being â€Å"synthetic† is entirely based upon the individual. The individual, although knowledgeable of the deceptive nature of perceptions can choose to limit their knowledge of existence to those perceptions, as did Robert Angier. Or the individual can create their â€Å"own† synthetic perception of the world, if they understand that they cannot fully understand existence. Both characters ascend the scale of knowledge, but in order to truly understand the purpose of existence, they must fall. It is in this final fall, that both are allowed to finally acknowledge, to finally understand, the truth of their existence. In both movies, the characters, including the character of the audience in The Prestige, are guided to make a choice. The implications of this choice while not entirely revealed to the character upon deciding, reflect their decision to define their own existence. The character just like the human being, chooses what to make of their existence in whatever time and place they reside. It is not a communal definition of existence or an all-encompassing one. The knowledge of what existence is limited solely to the individual. Works Cited Collinson, Diane and Plant, Kathryn. â€Å"Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804). † Fifty Major Philosphers Routledge, 2006, pp. 121-127. Collinson, Diane and Kathryn Plant. â€Å"Rene Descartes (1591-1651),† Fifty Major Philosopher, Routledge, 2006, pp. 79-84. Cottingham, John. â€Å"The Question,† On Meaning of Life, Routledge, 2006, pp. 1-31. Nolan, Christopher (Producer), Nolan, Christopher (Director). (2006). The Prestige [Motion Picture]. United States: Touchstone Pictures. Russell, Cristel Antonia and Puto, Christopher. (Nov 1999). â€Å"Rethinking Television Audience Measures: An Exploration into the Construct of Audience Connectedness. † Marketing Letters 18 (4). Retrieved from: http://www. jstor. org. ezproxy2. lib. depaul. edu/stablett Silver, Joel (Producer), Wachowski, Andy and Larry (Director). (1999). The Matrix [Motion Picture]. United States: Warner Brothers. Westphal, K. R. (2006). HOW DOES KANT PROVE THAT WE PERCEIVE, AND NOT MERELY IMAGINE, PHYSICAL OBJECTS?. Review Of Metaphysics, 59(4), 781-806. Retrieved from: http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy2. lib. depaul. edu.